Minerals

Question 1

What are macrominerals

Answer 1

Calcium

Chloride

Phosphorus

Potassium

Magnesium

Sodium

Sulfur (Thiamin)

Question 2

Microminerals

Answer 2

1. Iron
2. Iodine
3. Fluoride
4. Copper
5. Zinc
6. Selenium
7. Chromium
8. Cobalt (B12)
9. Manganese
10. Molybdenum

Question 3

Calcium

Answer 3

◦99% is found in bones and teeth

◦Nervous stimulation

◦Muscle contraction

◦Blood clotting

◦Activates pancreatic lipase

◦10-40% absorbed

◦Aided by vitamin D and lactose, hindered by oxalic acid

◦Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels

Question 4

Recommended intake of calcium

Answer 4

• General population 1000 mg/day
• Postmenopausal 1200 mg/day

Question 5

Calcium deficiency

Answer 5

–Fragile bones, osteoporosis

–Hypertension

Question 6

Phosphorus

Answer 6

◦80-90% in bones and teeth

◦Aides in tissue and cell repair

◦Assists kidneys to get rid of waste products

◦Reduce muscle pain after strenuous activities

◦Enzymes for energy metabolism, protein synthesis (production and storage of energy)

◦Regulation of your heart rate

◦Conduction of your nerves

*In Kidney disease a prescription for a phosphate binder is often given.

Question 7

Phosphous deficiency

Answer 7

–Bone pain

–Fatigue

Question 8

Excess phosphorus

Answer 8

–-Hardening of organs, muscles and soft tissue

–-Interferes with body’s use of iron, magnesium, and zinc

–-Happens in Renal disease (Dialysis removes excess)

–-The more phosphorus you consume the more calcium you will need

RDA: 700mg Phosphorus/day

Question 9

Magnesium

Answer 9

◦60% in bones and teeth

◦Helps bones remain strong

◦Transmits nerve impulses

◦Muscle contraction

◦Enzymes for energy metabolism

◦Supports healthy immune system

◦Regulates heart rate

◦Assists in regulating blood glucose levels

Question 10

Magnesium deficiency

Answer 10

–Weakness

–Irritability

–Irregular Heart beat

*70% of Americans don’t meet the daily recommended intake

*RDA average for men and women 250-300mg/day

Question 11

Sodium

Answer 11

◦Extracellular fluid

◦Water balance

◦Acid-base balance

◦Nervous stimulation

◦Muscle contraction

◦Almost completely absorbed

◦Body levels regulated by adrenals, excess excreted in urine and by skin

Question 12

sodium deficiency

Answer 12

Rare, occurs with excessive perspiration

**Not hyponatremia- this is about sodium consumed2`

Question 13

Excess sodium

Answer 13

hypertension (if sodium sensitive)

Question 14

Potassium

Answer 14

◦Intracellular fluid

◦Protein and glycogen synthesis

◦Water balance

◦Transmits nerve impulse

◦Muscle contraction

◦Body levels regulated by adrenals, excess excreted in urine

Question 15

Causes of Potassium deficiency

Answer 15

–Starvation

–Diuretic therapy

–GI losses

–Primary Aldosteronism

–Diabetic Ketoacidosis

–CKD

–Excessive alcohol use

Question 16

Symptoms of low potassium

Answer 16

Fatigue, muscle cramps, constipation

Question 17

Causes of hyperkalemia

Answer 17

1. Acute Kidney Failure
2. CKD
3. Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)
4. Angiotensin II receptor blockers
5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
6. Beta blockers
7. Dehydration
8. Destruction of red blood cells due to severe injury or burns
9. Excessive use of potassium supplements
10. Type 1 diabetes

Question 18

Iron

Answer 18

◦Mostly in hemoglobin

◦Muscle myoglobin

◦Oxidizing enzymes for release of energy

◦Acid and vitamin C aid absorption

◦Daily losses in urine and feces

◦Menstrual loss

Question 19

Iron deficiency

Answer 19

–Anemia – most common cause of anemia is def. of iron

–Cheilosis

–Pallor

Question 20

Excess Iron

Answer 20

–Vomiting, diarrhea, alteration in consciousness, hepatotoxicity, death

Question 21

Iodine

Answer 21

◦Forms thyroxine for energy metabolism

◦Chiefly in thyroid gland

Question 22

Iodine deficiency

Answer 22

Endemic goiter

Question 23

Flouride

Answer 23

◦Prevents tooth decay

◦Storage in bones and teeth

Question 24

Excess flouride

Answer 24

Leads to tooth motteling

Question 25

Zinc

Answer 25

◦Enzymes for transfer of carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase)

◦Taste, protein synthesis

◦Necessary for the formation of insulin by the pancreas

Question 26

Zinc deficiency

Answer 26

–Growth retardation

–Altered taste

–Depressed immunity

–Acrodermatitis enteropathica (genetic condition)

Question 27

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Answer 27

Zinc deficiency

–autosomal recessive condition - perioral, acral and genital eczematous eruption, alopecia, glossitis and diarrhea

–GI conditions that may lead to acquired Zinc deficiency include chronic inflammatory bowel disease with diarrhea and/or malabsorption, steatorrhea, pancreatic insufficiency, cirrhosis or surgically induced conditions

Question 28

What are GI conditions that may lead to acquired zinc deficiency?

Answer 28

– chronic inflammatory bowel disease with diarrhea and/or malabsorption, steatorrhea, pancreatic insufficiency, cirrhosis or surgically induced conditions

Question 29

Copper

Answer 29

◦Utilization of iron for hemoglobin formation

◦Pigment formation (melanin)

◦Myelin sheath of nerves

◦Role in healthy bones and collagen

◦In form of ceruloplasmin in blood

◦Necessary for insulin formation in the pancreas

Question 30

Copper deficiency

Answer 30

–Rare

–Increased zinc will decrease copper

Question 31

Excess copper

Answer 31

–Wilson’s Disease (Rare): Copper accumulates in brain, liver and other vital organs

––>Jaundice

––>Fatigue and loss of appetite

––>Golden-brown eye discoloration (Kayser-Fleischer rings)

––>Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness