Minerals Flashcards
Are minerals organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Key Functions of Minerals:
- All essential minerals have at least one cofactor function
- Structural - skeletal formation & maintenance (egg shells)
- Oxygen transport (iron = hemoglobin)
- Electrolyte, Fluid, and Acid-Base Balance
Define ash
inorganic elements remaining after burning the organic material of a material
Minerals comprise ____% of the dry body weight of animals
3-5%
What is the difference between macro and trace minerals?
Macro-minerals are dietary essential minerals that are required in relatively large amounts. (% of a diet)
Trace minerals are required in relatively smaller amounts (mg/kg or ppm)
List the macro-minerals
Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfur (TSAA) - methionine
List the trace minerals
Manganese Zinc Copper Iron Iodine Selenium Molybdenum Cobalt (B12)
What state are the essential minerals found in?
Ionic states (charged)
A cation is __ charged.
Positively ( + )
An anion is ___ charged.
Negatively ( - )
Monovalent
Valence of 1 (1+; 1-)
Divalent
Valence of 2 (2+; 2-)
List the cation minerals
K + Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Mn 2+ Cu 2+ Zn 2+ Fe 2+
List the anion minerals
Cl - I - PO4 (3-) --> phosphate MoO4 (2-) --> molybdate SeO3 (2-) --> selenite
Can minerals interact and interfere with each other? If so what is a poor form of interference called?
Yes
Antagonism
Define bioavailability
amount of the nutrient that is digested, absorbed, and utilized by the animal
Define digestibility
only accounts for the amount of the nutrient that disappears from the excreta.
Does not take into account the actual utilization of the nutrient in a physiological process.
Describe salts
ionic compound between cation & anion.
Forms an electrically neutral compound
Inorganic
Ex: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl
Cu2+ + SO4(2-) = CuSO4
Describe oxides
contain oxygen atom to give a stable bond with the mineral
Inorganic
Ex: CuO
How stable are oxides?
Not very stable, which makes them not bio-available
They aren’t used often with poultry
Describe hydroxy minerals
Covalent bonds and crystalline structures
Inorganic
Ex: Cu2(OH3)Cl –> tribasic copper chloride
Describe organic minerals
Mineral bound to non-mineral ligand that can include amino acids, proteins, and polysaccharides
Often in a chelate (ring with coordinate bonds)
Ex: Cu-glycinate
What is a ligand?
Anything that binds a receptor
What is concentration based on?
Molecular weight of the compound
- in many cases you have to pay attention to hydration state of a mineral
How much Zinc is in Zinc sulfate (monohydrate)
ZnSO4 * H2O
Zn: 65.38
S: 32.06
O: 16
H: 1.01
65.38 + 32.06 + 16(5) + 1*2 = 179.4
65.38/179.4 = .36 * 100
36%
What are the two most important macro-minerals?
Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)
Why are Ca and P important?
Impact on bones, shell structure, and growth performance
They interact before and after absorption
Utilization is directly based on Vitamin D status
Describe Calcium
- not found in the free state but rather as Calcium Carbonate, Ca sulfate, and Ca fluoride
- 99% of Ca is found in bones and teeth
- It’s in bones as hydroxyapatite
- Tightly regulated in the body (blood levels aren’t directly related to dietary levels)
- Maintains plasma
Calcium Functions
- Bone and egg shell formation
- Muscle contraction
- Blood coagulation (Vitamin K)
- Regulation of nervous system
- Enzyme activation and stabilization
Calcium Homeostasis
- Blood levels regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion
- Vit D stimulates Ca-binding proteins in the intestine
- lead to Ca absorption
- Less Ca2+ in the lumen of intestine improves PO4(3-) absorption due to less interference between the two.
Define Bone resportion
process during which bone tissue is broken down to release Ca from the bone to the blood
Describe Phosphorus
- Almost always occurs in the phosphate form (PO4(3-)) and can form salts with cations (including Ca(2+)) in the lumen
- Excess Ca2+ will decrease P asorption
- Not as tightly regulated as Ca
- blood levels will respond to diet changes
Phosphorus functions
- Bone and Egg shell formation
- Phospholipids
- Energy metabolism (high energy phosphate bonds (ATP))
- Enzyme regulation
- Phosphate buffer system (intracellular a-b balance)
Phosphorus in plant-based feedstuffs
- In plant seeds P is stored in phytic acid
- Animals only utilize 30% of P from plants
- Inorganic P is supplemented and phytase enzymes are used to make plant P more available
Animal protein sources are highly available sources of ___ and ___.
Ca
P
(such as meat and bone meal)
Does a young or older chicken need more phosphorus?
Young chicks need more P
Proper Ca and P nutrition requirements:
- Adequate dietary supply of both
- A suitable ratio of of Ca and P in the diet (2:1 in broilers; 3.2:1 in layers)
- Presence of Vitamin D3
Calcium:Phosphorus Ratios
The ideal ratio is 2.5
Calcium deficiency
- Rickets or osteomalacia
- Thin egg shells
- Reduced egg production
- Susceptibility to internal hemorrhage
- Tetany/Tetanus
- Cage layer fatigue
Phosphorus Deficiency
- Rickets or osteomalacia
- Decreased growth performance
- Reduced bone strength (welfare issue)
- Poor egg shell quality
- Can be induced by excess Ca(2+)
Calcium and Phosphorus Sources
- Limestone (most common Ca {38%})
- Oyster shell (location based Ca {38%})
- Calcium carbonate {40%}
- Monocalcium phosphate {17% Ca; 25% P}
- Dicalcium phosphate {21%; 20%}
- Tricalcium phosphate (Not used often {23%; 19%})
- Deflourinated rock phosphate (natural {34%; 19%})
- Phosphoric acid (75%) (natural {25%}
List the primary electrolytes in the body
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Define electrolyte
Substances that can dissociate into ions when in solution, thus capable of conducting electricity
- in feed expressed as milliequivalents (mEq) per liter or kg
Electrolyte balance equation
Na + K - Cl
Optimal level: 250 mEq/kg
Na+ & Cl are high in the ___cellular fluid
extracellular fluid
outside
K+ is high ___ the cell
inside
Define Osmolality
water follows ions
Key functions of Na, K, & Cl
- Osmotic regulation & water balance
- Acid-base balance
- Nerve impulse conduction
- Muscle contraction
- Enzymatic reactions
- Nutrient absorption
Sodium requirements
- Layers: 0.17 - 0.22% of the diet
- Broilers: 0.15 - 0.23% of the diet
Sodium defiencies
- Decreased feed and water consumption
- Increased cannibalism
- Enlarged adrenal gland
Sodium toxicity
- High water retention
- Excessive thirst –> wet litter
Tolerance decreases with age
Chloride Requirements
- Layers: 0.18 - 0.21% of the diet
- Broilers: 0.15 - 0.35% of the diet
Chloride Deficiencies
- Poor growth
- High mortality
- dehydration
- Reduced blood Cl
- Excessive nervous reactions to noise/handling
- fall forward and stretch out legs backward
Chloride toxicity
- Somewhat tolerant
- high levels can reduce shell quality
Describe: Sodium chloride (salt)
most commonly used method of adding Na & Cl
Describe: Sodium bicarbonate
Provides sodium without increasing chloride (DEB)
Describe: Potassium chloride
used to increase water intake during heat stress
– potassium usually is not limiting
Sodium and Chloride Sources
- Plain salt: 39% Na; 60% Cl
- Iodized salt: 39% Na; 60% (70 ppm I) Cl
- Sodium bicarbonate: 27% Na
Magnesium
- Supplementation is typically not necessary
Key functions of magnesium
- required by many important enzymes
- about 50% of body magnesium is in the bones
- most egg magnesium is in the shells
Magnesium requirements are related to ___ & ___.
Ca & P
- Excess P increases Mg requirement b/c less absorption of Mg
- Mg competes with Ca for absorption, so high Mg may increase Ca requirements
Manganese Key functions
- Enzyme co-factor for metabolism
- Cartilage formation
- bone growth
80-100 mg/kg of diet
Manganese deficiency
- perosis (slipped tendon): enlargement of tibiotarsal joint, shortening of leg bones, slippage of gastrocnemius
- excerbated by high dietary Ca or P
- reduced egg production, hatchability, & thin egg cells
- Star-gazing (thiamin)
Zinc key functions
- Nerve transmission
- Component of metalloenzymes
- feathering
- skin integrity
- immune system
80-100 mg/kg of diet
Iron key functions
- Hemoglobin formation
- protein in RBC (O –> tissues)
- involved in other systems
- High levels of Fe can decrease P absorption
30-40 mg/kg in diet
Iron deficiency
- Anemia
- insufficient RBC
- Poor growth & lethargy
- Decreased disease resistance
Copper Key Functions
- Metalloenzymes
- Bone/cartilage formation
- Red blood cell formation
- collagen formation (lysyl oxidase)
- pigmentation
- carried by ceruloplasmin (iron metabolism)
8-15 mg/kg of diet
Iodine Key functions
- Thyroid hormones
- T3 & T4
1 - 2 mg/kg of diet
Iodine deficiency
- enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
- slow growth
- excess fat deposition
Selenium key functions
- Interacts with Vitamin E
- several enzymes: glutathione oxidase
- Antioxidant defense to reduce peroxidation of lipid membranes
0.2 - 0.3 mg/kg of diet
Zinc deficiency
- decreased growth rate
- shortening and thickening of long bones
- enlarged stiff joints
- foot-pad dermatitis
- poor feathering
Copper deficiency
- Lameness
- anemia
- depressed growth
- aortic rupture
Copper toxicity
- Gizzard erosion
- Mouth lesions
(300 - 800 mg/kg)
Copper as a growth promoter
- commonly fed at levels well beyond requirements - antibacterial effects
- may improve gut morphology & function
- potential immune benefits
- overall mechanism is not well understood
- Cu and sulfate interact - increase dietary Cu can increase TSAA requirements
Iodine toxicity
- can lead to goiter, but it’s very uncommon
Selenium deficiency
- Exudative diathesis
- encepalomalacia
- pancreatic fibrosis
Selenium toxicity
- 10-20 mg/kg
- affects various enzymes
How are minerals fed to improve stability?
as bound molecules
Organic mineral sources
- minerals bound to organic compounds (amino acids or carbohydrates)
- higher bio-availability
- blends of organic and cheaper inorganic sources are common
- 80 mg Zn provided by 40 mg/kg zinc sulfate + 40 mg/kg organic Zn
