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Poultry Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Are minerals organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

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2
Q

Key Functions of Minerals:

A
  • All essential minerals have at least one cofactor function
  • Structural - skeletal formation & maintenance (egg shells)
  • Oxygen transport (iron = hemoglobin)
  • Electrolyte, Fluid, and Acid-Base Balance
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3
Q

Define ash

A

inorganic elements remaining after burning the organic material of a material

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4
Q

Minerals comprise ____% of the dry body weight of animals

A

3-5%

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5
Q

What is the difference between macro and trace minerals?

A

Macro-minerals are dietary essential minerals that are required in relatively large amounts. (% of a diet)
Trace minerals are required in relatively smaller amounts (mg/kg or ppm)

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6
Q

List the macro-minerals

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium 
Chloride
Potassium 
Magnesium
Sulfur (TSAA) - methionine
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7
Q

List the trace minerals

A 
Manganese
Zinc 
Copper
Iron
Iodine
Selenium
Molybdenum
Cobalt (B12)
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8
Q

What state are the essential minerals found in?

A

Ionic states (charged)

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9
Q

A cation is __ charged.

A

Positively ( + )

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10
Q

An anion is ___ charged.

A

Negatively ( - )

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11
Q

Monovalent

A

Valence of 1 (1+; 1-)

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12
Q

Divalent

A

Valence of 2 (2+; 2-)

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13
Q

List the cation minerals

A 
K +
Na +
Ca 2+
Mg 2+
Mn 2+
Cu 2+
Zn 2+ 
Fe 2+
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14
Q

List the anion minerals

A 
Cl -
I -
PO4 (3-)  --> phosphate
MoO4 (2-) --> molybdate
SeO3 (2-) --> selenite
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15
Q

Can minerals interact and interfere with each other? If so what is a poor form of interference called?

A

Yes

Antagonism

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16
Q

Define bioavailability

A

amount of the nutrient that is digested, absorbed, and utilized by the animal

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17
Q

Define digestibility

A

only accounts for the amount of the nutrient that disappears from the excreta.
Does not take into account the actual utilization of the nutrient in a physiological process.

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18
Q

Describe salts

A

ionic compound between cation & anion.
Forms an electrically neutral compound
Inorganic

Ex: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl
Cu2+ + SO4(2-) = CuSO4

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19
Q

Describe oxides

A

contain oxygen atom to give a stable bond with the mineral
Inorganic

Ex: CuO

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20
Q

How stable are oxides?

A

Not very stable, which makes them not bio-available

They aren’t used often with poultry

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21
Q

Describe hydroxy minerals

A

Covalent bonds and crystalline structures
Inorganic

Ex: Cu2(OH3)Cl –> tribasic copper chloride

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22
Q

Describe organic minerals

A

Mineral bound to non-mineral ligand that can include amino acids, proteins, and polysaccharides

Often in a chelate (ring with coordinate bonds)

Ex: Cu-glycinate

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23
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Anything that binds a receptor

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24
Q

What is concentration based on?

A

Molecular weight of the compound

  • in many cases you have to pay attention to hydration state of a mineral
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25
Q

How much Zinc is in Zinc sulfate (monohydrate)

A

ZnSO4 * H2O

Zn: 65.38
S: 32.06
O: 16
H: 1.01

65.38 + 32.06 + 16(5) + 1*2 = 179.4
65.38/179.4 = .36 * 100
36%

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26
Q

What are the two most important macro-minerals?

A

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

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27
Q

Why are Ca and P important?

A

Impact on bones, shell structure, and growth performance

They interact before and after absorption

Utilization is directly based on Vitamin D status

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28
Q

Describe Calcium

A
  • not found in the free state but rather as Calcium Carbonate, Ca sulfate, and Ca fluoride
  • 99% of Ca is found in bones and teeth
  • It’s in bones as hydroxyapatite
  • Tightly regulated in the body (blood levels aren’t directly related to dietary levels)
  • Maintains plasma
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29
Q

Calcium Functions

A
  • Bone and egg shell formation
  • Muscle contraction
  • Blood coagulation (Vitamin K)
  • Regulation of nervous system
  • Enzyme activation and stabilization
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30
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

A
  • Blood levels regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion
  • Vit D stimulates Ca-binding proteins in the intestine
      • lead to Ca absorption
  • Less Ca2+ in the lumen of intestine improves PO4(3-) absorption due to less interference between the two.
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31
Q

Define Bone resportion

A

process during which bone tissue is broken down to release Ca from the bone to the blood

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32
Q

Describe Phosphorus

A
  • Almost always occurs in the phosphate form (PO4(3-)) and can form salts with cations (including Ca(2+)) in the lumen
  • Excess Ca2+ will decrease P asorption
  • Not as tightly regulated as Ca
      • blood levels will respond to diet changes
33
Q

Phosphorus functions

A
  • Bone and Egg shell formation
  • Phospholipids
  • Energy metabolism (high energy phosphate bonds (ATP))
  • Enzyme regulation
  • Phosphate buffer system (intracellular a-b balance)
34
Q

Phosphorus in plant-based feedstuffs

A
  • In plant seeds P is stored in phytic acid
  • Animals only utilize 30% of P from plants
  • Inorganic P is supplemented and phytase enzymes are used to make plant P more available
35
Q

Animal protein sources are highly available sources of ___ and ___.

A

Ca
P

(such as meat and bone meal)

36
Q

Does a young or older chicken need more phosphorus?

A

Young chicks need more P

37
Q

Proper Ca and P nutrition requirements:

A
  1. Adequate dietary supply of both
  2. A suitable ratio of of Ca and P in the diet (2:1 in broilers; 3.2:1 in layers)
  3. Presence of Vitamin D3
38
Q

Calcium:Phosphorus Ratios

A

The ideal ratio is 2.5

39
Q

Calcium deficiency

A
  • Rickets or osteomalacia
  • Thin egg shells
  • Reduced egg production
  • Susceptibility to internal hemorrhage
  • Tetany/Tetanus
  • Cage layer fatigue
40
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency

A
  • Rickets or osteomalacia
  • Decreased growth performance
  • Reduced bone strength (welfare issue)
  • Poor egg shell quality
  • Can be induced by excess Ca(2+)
41
Q

Calcium and Phosphorus Sources

A
  • Limestone (most common Ca {38%})
  • Oyster shell (location based Ca {38%})
  • Calcium carbonate {40%}
  • Monocalcium phosphate {17% Ca; 25% P}
  • Dicalcium phosphate {21%; 20%}
  • Tricalcium phosphate (Not used often {23%; 19%})
  • Deflourinated rock phosphate (natural {34%; 19%})
  • Phosphoric acid (75%) (natural {25%}
42
Q

List the primary electrolytes in the body

A

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)

43
Q

Define electrolyte

A

Substances that can dissociate into ions when in solution, thus capable of conducting electricity

  • in feed expressed as milliequivalents (mEq) per liter or kg
44
Q

Electrolyte balance equation

A

Na + K - Cl

Optimal level: 250 mEq/kg

45
Q

Na+ & Cl are high in the ___cellular fluid

A

extracellular fluid

outside

46
Q

K+ is high ___ the cell

A

inside

47
Q

Define Osmolality

A

water follows ions

48
Q

Key functions of Na, K, & Cl

A
  • Osmotic regulation & water balance
  • Acid-base balance
  • Nerve impulse conduction
  • Muscle contraction
  • Enzymatic reactions
  • Nutrient absorption
49
Q

Sodium requirements

A
  • Layers: 0.17 - 0.22% of the diet

- Broilers: 0.15 - 0.23% of the diet

50
Q

Sodium defiencies

A
  • Decreased feed and water consumption
  • Increased cannibalism
  • Enlarged adrenal gland
51
Q

Sodium toxicity

A
  • High water retention
  • Excessive thirst –> wet litter

Tolerance decreases with age

52
Q

Chloride Requirements

A
  • Layers: 0.18 - 0.21% of the diet

- Broilers: 0.15 - 0.35% of the diet

53
Q

Chloride Deficiencies

A
  • Poor growth
  • High mortality
  • dehydration
  • Reduced blood Cl
  • Excessive nervous reactions to noise/handling
      • fall forward and stretch out legs backward
54
Q

Chloride toxicity

A
  • Somewhat tolerant

- high levels can reduce shell quality

55
Q

Describe: Sodium chloride (salt)

A

most commonly used method of adding Na & Cl

56
Q

Describe: Sodium bicarbonate

A

Provides sodium without increasing chloride (DEB)

57
Q

Describe: Potassium chloride

A

used to increase water intake during heat stress

– potassium usually is not limiting

58
Q

Sodium and Chloride Sources

A
  • Plain salt: 39% Na; 60% Cl
  • Iodized salt: 39% Na; 60% (70 ppm I) Cl
  • Sodium bicarbonate: 27% Na
59
Q

Magnesium

A
  • Supplementation is typically not necessary
60
Q

Key functions of magnesium

A
  • required by many important enzymes
  • about 50% of body magnesium is in the bones
  • most egg magnesium is in the shells
61
Q

Magnesium requirements are related to ___ & ___.

A

Ca & P

  • Excess P increases Mg requirement b/c less absorption of Mg
  • Mg competes with Ca for absorption, so high Mg may increase Ca requirements
62
Q

Manganese Key functions

A
  • Enzyme co-factor for metabolism
  • Cartilage formation
      • bone growth

80-100 mg/kg of diet

63
Q

Manganese deficiency

A
  • perosis (slipped tendon): enlargement of tibiotarsal joint, shortening of leg bones, slippage of gastrocnemius
  • excerbated by high dietary Ca or P
  • reduced egg production, hatchability, & thin egg cells
  • Star-gazing (thiamin)
64
Q

Zinc key functions

A
  • Nerve transmission
  • Component of metalloenzymes
  • feathering
  • skin integrity
  • immune system

80-100 mg/kg of diet

65
Q

Iron key functions

A
  • Hemoglobin formation
      • protein in RBC (O –> tissues)
  • involved in other systems
  • High levels of Fe can decrease P absorption

30-40 mg/kg in diet

66
Q

Iron deficiency

A
  • Anemia
      • insufficient RBC
  • Poor growth & lethargy
  • Decreased disease resistance
67
Q

Copper Key Functions

A
  • Metalloenzymes
  • Bone/cartilage formation
  • Red blood cell formation
  • collagen formation (lysyl oxidase)
  • pigmentation
  • carried by ceruloplasmin (iron metabolism)

8-15 mg/kg of diet

68
Q

Iodine Key functions

A
  • Thyroid hormones
      • T3 & T4

1 - 2 mg/kg of diet

69
Q

Iodine deficiency

A
  • enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
  • slow growth
  • excess fat deposition
70
Q

Selenium key functions

A
  • Interacts with Vitamin E
  • several enzymes: glutathione oxidase
      • Antioxidant defense to reduce peroxidation of lipid membranes

0.2 - 0.3 mg/kg of diet

71
Q

Zinc deficiency

A
  • decreased growth rate
  • shortening and thickening of long bones
  • enlarged stiff joints
  • foot-pad dermatitis
  • poor feathering
72
Q

Copper deficiency

A
  • Lameness
  • anemia
  • depressed growth
  • aortic rupture
73
Q

Copper toxicity

A
  • Gizzard erosion
  • Mouth lesions

(300 - 800 mg/kg)

74
Q

Copper as a growth promoter

A
  • commonly fed at levels well beyond requirements - antibacterial effects
  • may improve gut morphology & function
  • potential immune benefits
  • overall mechanism is not well understood
  • Cu and sulfate interact - increase dietary Cu can increase TSAA requirements
75
Q

Iodine toxicity

A
  • can lead to goiter, but it’s very uncommon
76
Q

Selenium deficiency

A
  • Exudative diathesis
  • encepalomalacia
  • pancreatic fibrosis
77
Q

Selenium toxicity

A
  • 10-20 mg/kg

- affects various enzymes

78
Q

How are minerals fed to improve stability?

A

as bound molecules

79
Q

Organic mineral sources

A
  • minerals bound to organic compounds (amino acids or carbohydrates)
  • higher bio-availability
  • blends of organic and cheaper inorganic sources are common
      • 80 mg Zn provided by 40 mg/kg zinc sulfate + 40 mg/kg organic Zn

Poultry Nutrition (4 decks)

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