Minerals Flashcards
What are the functions of minerals?
Structure in bones and teeth, coenzymes, fluid and acid base balance, energy production and muscle contraction, oxygen transport, nerve impulse conduction, cardiac rhythm , and blood clotting
What is the most abundant in the body?
Calcium it is about 2% of body mass
What is the function of calcium and how is it absorbed?
99 percent of calcium is in bones and teeth. It is for muscular contraction , cellular communication, nerve transmission , and blood clotting It is absorbed by acting e transport and diffusion. The active transport requires vitamin D and ATP.
What regulates calcium and what is its reservoir?
It is regulated by PTH and calcitonin at the bones, kidney, and intestine . Bones serves as the calcium reservoir
What do we do if our intestines are deficient in calcium?
We steal it from the bone. This is bad because that is its reservoir
What are the parts of bone and how do they grow and remodel?
Cortical is the hard dense outer layer, the trabecular is the soft spongey part. They are able to remodel due to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. For growth bones need calcium and weight bearing activity.
What are the dietary requirements for calcium and where do we get it?
1000 to 1500 mg per day. We get it from dairy, green vegetables, fortified foods. 25% of women get less than 300.
What mineral deficiency leads to osteoporosis? Who is at risk?
There are 25 million victims. It is caused by calcium deficiency . Peak bone mineral density is at 25. People that are at risk are due to family history, female, post menopausal, physical inactivity, dietary deficiency, and excess tobacco alcohol and coffee.
What is the second most abundant mineral and where is it found?
Phosphorus . It is found in meat, milk, eggs, cheese, legumes, many vegetables, and even soda. Because of this, phosphorus deficiencies are rare.
How is phosphorus absorbed and what happens of we have excess?
It gets absorbed in the intestines passively as we as actively via vitamin D. If we have excess we can disrupt calcium absorption. It can a,so be excreted or reabsorbed at the kidney
What are the functions of phosphate?
Mineralizes bones and teeth, component of membranes, component of DNA RNA FAD NAD, it is for energy transfer ATP ADP GTP, it is for glycolysis, and acid base balance in exercise
What is the fourth most abundant mineral, where is it found, what are the functions, and what happens if deficiency?
Magnesium, 50 percent of it is in bone, it is in many foods like seafood whole grain fruits veggies nuts and milk. It functions for bone strength and metabolism, 300 enzymes, atpase, muscle relaxation, protein synthesis , and nerve transmission.if we are deficient we have nerve transmission upset and can have osteoporosis and increased lipids.
What is the most abundant trace mineral? Where do we get it, how do we absorb it?
Iron . We get it from meat, eggs, whole grains, fruit, spinach but best source is liver. It is the mineral we are most common deficient in. It is easier to absorb +2 iron. We get heme iron from meats and it is absorbed 3-5 times better than non heme. Vitamin C enhances absorption of iron
Where do we store and transport iron?
Transferrin is the blood transport protein, stored in body tissue as ferritin, long term storage in liver and bone marrow. Iron can be reused and excreted in feces. Not urine because not thru kidney. Menstruation takes away 5-45 mg per month
What are the functions of iron?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport , RBC , it is the binding site for oxygen, passes electrons in the ETC, liver detoxifying , energy production dehydrogenase enzymes, immune function WBCs, synthesis of neurotransmitters epinephrine and adrenaline
