Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are folate’s functions?

A

Precursor of THF; coenzyme involved in generating DNA precursors and protein synthesis

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2
Q

What are three defects associated with folate deficiency?

A

Neural tube defects in newborns; macrocytic anemia; hyperhomocysteinemia (cardiovascular risk)

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3
Q

Who is susceptible to folate deficiency?

A

Pregnant women; elderly (absorption problem); alcoholics; patients with long-term drug treatments; people with genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism

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4
Q

When is folate demand highest?

A

Pregnancy; lactation

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5
Q

What can lower risk of folate deficiency?

A

Grain products enriched with folate; folate supplements

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6
Q

What is cobalamin involved in?

A

Methionine synthesis; conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA; folate metabolism!!

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7
Q

What is the main consequence of B12 deficiency? How is it different from B9 deficiency?

A

It is also macrocytic anemia, but you also see demyelination

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8
Q

Who is susceptible to B12 deficiency?

A

Elderly, people with malabsorption diseases, vegetarians

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9
Q

What does B12 contain? How does it get absorbed?

A

A cobalt; it must be released from protein by acid hydrolysis and be absorbed in ileum by combining with intrinsic factor

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10
Q

With the folate trap, what two things can you not make for DNA synthesis, contributing to the megaloblastic anemia with B12 deficiency?

A

dTMP and purine ring, so not enough DNA to continue replication as a RBC would normally get smaller

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11
Q

What does pernicious anemia refer to?

A

A B12-deficient anemia arising from lack of intrinsic factor

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12
Q

What four macrominerals does Kane cover?

A

Ca, P, S, Mg

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13
Q

What is calcium involved in?

A

Major component of Bone; Signaling, Coagulation (localize clots), Muscle contraction, Neurotransmission

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14
Q

Calcium deficiency is characterized by what?

A

Mild: muscle cramps, osteoporosis; severe: rickets

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15
Q

Who is susceptible to Ca deficiency?

A

Elderly, adult women, children

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16
Q

Where is most of calcium found? What is the basic mineral component?

A

98% in bone and teeth; hydroxyapatite

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17
Q

What is the body’s calcium reservoir?

A

Bone, if serum levels are insufficient

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18
Q

What do low serum calcium levels enhance?

A

Intestinal absorption and bone resorption

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19
Q

To prevent osteoporosis, what do people need regarding calcium intake?

A

Need to take in calcium when bone is reaching maximum density

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20
Q

What does Mg do?

A

Essential for many ATPases; present at high levels in bone

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21
Q

What is Mg deficiency related to?

A

Weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

22
Q

Who is susceptible to Mg deficiency?

A

Alcoholics; diuretics, or severe vomiting and diarrhea

23
Q

What does phosphorous do?

A

Mostly phosphates; major component of bone as hydroxyapatite; seen in membrane lipids and nucleic acids; required in energy producing reactions

24
Q

What would you see in a P deficiency, if at all?

A

Rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizure

25
Q

What is iron involved in?

A

O2/CO2 transport in Hg; oxphos; cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes

26
Q

What are iron deficiencies associated with?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia; decreased immunity

27
Q

Who are susceptible groups for iron deficiencies?

A

Children, menstruating women, pregnant women, elderly

28
Q

What promotes reduction of Fe3 to Fe2?

A

Vitamin C (otherwise, causes a mild anemia)

29
Q

What are the two major barriers to Fe absorption?

A

Release of Fe3 from the food; and reduction of Fe3 to Fe2

30
Q

What signals Fe2 sufficiency in the blood?

A

Hepcidin, which prevents excess Fe2 export from intestinal mucosal cells

31
Q

What does one see with iron-deficient anemia?

A

Microcytic (small, pale RBC’s); less Hg produced, and RBCs undergo more cell divisions

32
Q

Patient symptoms of iron-deficient anemia?

A

Fatigue, pallor, weakness, dizziness

33
Q

What can long term iron toxicity lead to? Which organs can be affected? What can compromised mito function lead to?

A

Hemochromatosis; liver, pancreatic, cardiac function, mitochondria; lactic acidosis

34
Q

What does acute iron toxicity lead to?

A

Iron overdose in children (consumption of adult iron supplements?

35
Q

What does copper aid with?

A

Assists Fe absorption through ceruloplasmin; cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, elimination of ROS

36
Q

What would you see with copper deficiency?

A

Anemia, hypercholesterolemia, large arteries fragile, bone demineralization, demyelination

37
Q

Who is susceptible to Cu deficiency?

A

Menkes’ syndrome patients; consumers or excessive zinc

38
Q

Where does Menkes syndrome come from?

A

Mutations in Cu transpoter ATP7 A

39
Q

How does Wilson’s disease come about?

A

Mutations in ATP7B, leading to copper overload; severe liver and NS symptoms

40
Q

What does Zn do?

A

Cofactor for many metalloenzymes; plays structural role in many proteins

41
Q

What are Zn deficiencies associated with?

A

Poor wound healing, dermatitis, poor sexual and developmental growth, and poor taste acuity

42
Q

Who is susceptible to Zn deficiencies?

A

Elderly, those with malabsorption or kidney disease, alcoholics

43
Q

What does chromium do? What is deficiency associated with?

A

Part of chromomodulin; facilitates insulin binding to receptor; impaired glucose tolerance

44
Q

Who is susceptible to chromium deficiency?

A

Those with poor glucose tolerance

45
Q

Iodine deficiency related to what?

A

Goiter; hyper- or hypothyroidism

46
Q

What does selenium do?

A

Makes up antioxidant enzymes, like glutathione; makes up deiodinase enzymes

47
Q

What is a selenium deficiency characteristic?

A

Keshan disease: cardiomyopathy and cretinism

48
Q

Children most susceptible to…

A

Iron and calcium deficiency

49
Q

Teenagers most susceptible to…

A

Ca, Mg, Vit A, C, B6

50
Q

Women most susceptible to…

A

Fe, Ca, Mg, B6, Folate

51
Q

Elderly most susceptible to…

A

Vit B6, B12, D, Zn, Cr

52
Q

Alcoholics most susceptible to…

A

particularly B6, folate, thiamine