minerals Flashcards
TRUE or FALSE- if an anion enters the fluid, a cation must accompany it or another anion must leave so that electrical neutrality will be maintained
TRUE - if an anion enters the fluid, a cation must accompany it or another anion must leave so that electrical neutrality will be maintained
Complete this sentence: In all electrolyte solutions, anion and cation concentrations are _________
Complete this sentence: In all electrolyte solutions, anion and cation concentrations are BALANCED
The term ‘electrolytes’ refers to which minerals?
Sodium, potassium and chloride are referred to as “electrolytres”. These minerals are salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.
What is Hyponatraemia?
Hyponatraemia is a state of inadequate sodium
Identify the condition that is the result of inadequate amounts of sodium…
Hyponatraemia is a state of inadequate sodium
What are the major minerals?
Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium are the Major Minerals
What makes up about two-thirds of the body’s water
Intracellular fluid (inside the cells) makes up about two-thirds of the body’s water
What am I? One of the primary electrolytes in the body that is responsible for maintaining fluid balance.
Sodium is one of the primary electrolytes in the body and is responsible for maintaining fluid balance.
What are the roles of sodium?
Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance
Asists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
Excess is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.
The roles of _________ include:
- Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance
- Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
- Excess is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.
Sodium:
- Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance
- Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
- Excess is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.
What is the relationship between hypertension and salt?
Salt has a significant impact on high blood pressure
Salt sensitivity is a term to describe individuals who respond to a high salt intake with high blood pressure
What is DASH?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a diet plans that helps to lower blood pressure.
What is the term for sodium toxicity and excessive salt intakes?
Excess in salt (sodium) is called hypernatraemia
What is the role of choride?
Chloride is an essential nutrient that plays a role in fluid balance.
Chloride is associated with sodium and part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Chloride: what kind of deficiencies are there?
Deficiency is rare with chloride. Losses can occur with vomiting, diarrhoea or heavy sweating
What is a symptom of chloride toxicity?
The toxicity symptom for excessive chloride is vomiting. Dehydration due to water deficiency can concentrate chloride to high levels
What is the role of potassium in the body?
Potassium:
- maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
- facilitates many reactions
- supports cell integrity
- assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions including heartbeat
What are the adequate intakes of potassium?
Adequate Intake:
- For men, 3,800 mg/day
- For women, 2,800 mg/day
Potassium deficiency symptoms include:
Potassium deficiency symptoms include: muscular weakness, paralysis, confusion, increased blood pressure, salt sensitivity, kidney stones, and bone turnover.
Later signs include irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and glucose intolerance
Potassium toxicity
Potassium toxicity:
- Results from supplements, diseases
- Symptoms include muscular weakness and vomiting
What is the recommended daily intake for calcium for an Australian adult woman (aged 19-50yr):
a. 1300mg/d b. 3000mg /d c. 500mg/d d. 1000mg/d
1000mg/d is the recommended daily intake for calcium for an Australian adult woman (aged 19-50yr):
What is the type of calcium found in bones?
Calcium hydroxyapatite is found in bones.
Which of these factors increases the absorption of calcium from the diet?
a. Lactose b. Caffeine c. Oxalic acid d. High sodium diet
Lactose increases the absorption of calcium from the diet?
What are some major functions of magnesium in the body?
- Working with calcium in muscle contraction and relaxation
- Working with phosphate as a catalyst in the production of ATP
- Essential for cardiac function and displays a protective effect against hypertension and heart disease
What is a sign / symptom associated with an excessive supplemental dose of magnesium
Diarrhoea is a sign / symptom associated with an excessive supplemental dose of magnesium
What are the major minerals?
The major minerals include calcium, phospohorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride and magnesium.
What are the trace minerals?
Trace minerals include iron, zinc, copper, magnese, iodine and selenium.
What is the protein called which stores iron?
Ferratin is the protein that stores iron in the liver and other tissues
How much zinc is absorbed in the small intestine from dietary sources?
15 – 40% of zinc is absorbed in the small intestine from dietary sources.
What is a metalloenzyme?
Metalloenzyme is an enzyme that contains one or more minerals as part of their structure.
Which of these terms indicates the presence of sulphur?
a. ate b. metallo c. thio d. ase
Thio indicates the presence of sulphur.
A food that has a goitrogenic effect has which of the following actions?
a. Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more hormones b. Display an antioxidant effect, is able to quell free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide c. Has the ability to catalyze the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron d. Interfere with the synthesis of the thyroid hormones
A food that has a goitrogenic interferes with the synthesis of the thyroid hormones.
Which antioxidant is dependent on selenium?
Glutathione is dependent on selenium
The heart disease associated with selenium deficiency is called______________
The heart disease associated with selenium deficiency is called Keshan Disease
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant that neutralises some free radicals. Which trace mineral is responsible for its action?
Copper is responsible for superoxide dismutase (SOD) which is an important antioxidant that neutralises some free radicals.
What are the roles of copper in the body?
Haemoglobin synthesis is a role of copper in the body…
What else???
Factors that enhance absorption of calcium include:
stomach acid
vitamin D
lactose
growth hormones.
Factors that inhibit absorption include:
lack of stomach acid vitamin D deficiency high phosphorus intake high-fibre diet phytates in seeds, nuts, and grains oxalates in beet greens, rhubarb, and spinach.
A calcium deficiency can result in
Deficiency can result in osteomalacia, osteopaenia and osteoporosis. A low intake during the growing years limits the bones ability to reach their optimal mass and density.
How does calcium and muscle contraction work?
The flow of calcium ions inside muscle cells is crucial for enabling muscles to contract and relax
Calcium enters the cell via calcium channels in response to stimulation from hormones or neurotransmitters
This triggers the release of more calcium from intracellular storage sites
The subsequent rise in intracellular calcium triggers a series of reactions which results in muscle contraction
How much of calcium is found in the bones vs. blood? And which will the body prioritise?
99% of calcium is found in the bones, the body will prioritise blood calcium levels, which means that low calcium can lead to developing osteoporosis in later years.
What would a high intake of calcium result in?
A high intake of calcium could result in kidney stones
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body. Where is 85% found?
85% of phosphorus is found combined with calcium in the hydroxyapatite crystals of bones and teeth.
Phosphorus is part of every cell and the various roles include:
Functions of phosphorus:
- mineralisation of bones and teeth
- part of every cell
- genetic material (DNA and RNA)
- part of phospholipids
- energy transfer
- buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance.
How much magnesium is found in bones?
55-60% of magnesium is found in bones
What are the roles of magnesium in the body
Magnesium is involved in bone health through the production, and release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands.
Magnesium is needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats to energy
Magnesium is an essential cofactor for enzymes involved in glucose and insulin metabolism
Magnesium is required for the active transport of ions like potassium and calcium across cell membranes
What is the impact on potassium when magnesium levels are insufficient?
A deficiency in magnesium will therefore result in a deficiency of intracellular potassium which in turn affects the conduction of nerve impulses and the function of skeletal and cardiac muscle
Magnesium has been called “nature’s calcium channel blocker”. What will a deficiency in magnesium do to calcium levels?
A deficiency of magnesium can lead to an increase in intracellular calcium which if left unchecked can cause uncontrolled muscle cell stimulation and contraction
Magnesium slows the influx of calcium into cells and the release of calcium from intracellular storage depots
What is a good dietary source of magnesium?
Magnesium can be found in almonds (with the skin on) and in sunflower seeds.
What inhibits absorption of magnesium?
Phytic acid (some grains, legumnes & high fiber foods contain).
Food processing also inhibits magnesium absorption - refines grains reduce magnesium levels by up to 80%.
Supplements of other minerals (will compete).
Unabsorbed fatty acids in intestines.
The less you eat of foods containing magnesium, the more you absorb. TRUE or FALSE?
True - the less magnesium you consume the more you absorb!
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
Gradually symptoms appear loss of appetite, nausea and weakness
Then muscle cramps, irritability and confusion
Magnesium from bone surface can be released to increase blood levels.
What is suphate
Sulphate is the oxidised form of sulfur, as it exists in food and water.
How does the body receive suplhate?
The body receives sulfate from amino acids - methionine and cysterine (dietary proteins). The body’s sulfur intakes are easily met with normal protein intakes.
Which mineral is NOT displaced by the contaminant mineral lead?
iron, iodine, zinc, calcium,
Iodine is the mineral not displaced by the contaminant mineral lead.
Lead is chemically similar to nutrient minerals like iron, calcium and zinc; cations with two positive charges. Lead is able to displace them from some of their metabolic sites they normally occupy but is then unable to perform their roles
Which trace mineral is involved in the optimal functioning of insulin?
Chromium is involved in the optimal functioning of insulin
Which of the following ultra-trace minerals is involved in the function of vitamin B12?
a. Boron
b. Molybdenum
c. Manganese
d. Cobalt
Cobalt is involved in the function of vitamin B12
What function is boron involved in?
Boron is involved in bone metabolism
