Minerals Flashcards
are inorganic elements that are essential for the animal body’s physiological functions and metabolic processes.
Minerals
are those minerals that occur in appreciable
amounts in the animal body and are required in large quantities in the diet (> 0.01%).
Macrominerals
are required in trace amounts (<
0.01%), in milligrams, micrograms, or parts per million.
Micromineral
Approximately 99% of the
Ca and 80% of the P in the animal body occur in bones and teeth as a compound called
hydroxyapatite
found in the soft tissues of the body is involved in important phosphorylation reactions
that are part of cellular oxidative pathways for energy metabolism.
Phosporous
Reverses PTH functions to lower blood Ca level to normal by decreasing calcium mobilization from bones.
Calcitonin
is a condition occurring in young growing animals due to normal growth in the organic matrix but insufficient mineralization.
Rickets
occurs in adult animals with a Ca-deficient diet. Excessive loss of Ca from bone causes brittle, demineralized bones.
Osteomalacia
the result of a loss of both mineralization and the organic matrix of bone. In both rickets and osteomalacia, bones become soft and often deformed due to improper calcification.
Osteoporosis
always happens in high-producing dairy cows within the first 24 hours after calving because of the high Ca demand of lactation coupled with hormonal insufficiency.
Milk Fever
often happens to high-producing young hens during the peak egg production phase (>35 week of age). Egg laying demands a high supply of Ca for eggshell formation.
Cage layer fatigue
the third most abundant element in the body, is present in the body as phosphates, and carbonates in bone and in liver and skeletal muscle cells
Magnesium
involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. Along with Ca, sodium, and potassium, Mg plays an important role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses
Magnesium
is widespread in food sources. A common problem of grazing livestock is called grass tetany. It is also known as “wheat grass poisoning.” It occurs most frequently in livestock that feeds on lush green pastures of cereal forages or native pastures in the spring season
Magnesium
serves as a structural component of skin, hair, wool, feather, cartilage, and connective tissue.
Sulfur
is the main extracellular cation found outside the cells (extracellular) and blood
Sodium (Na+)
is the major cation found in greater concentrations within the cells (intracellular fluid).
Potassium (K)
is the negatively charged anion that counterbalance the role of positively charged cations (K and Na).
Chloride
is a trace mineral that is a dietary essential for animals.
Manganese
(slipped tendon) occurs with Mn deficiency. Affected birds will have a malformation of the tibiotarsal joint, bending of long bones, and gastrocnemius tendon slipping from its condyle
Perosis
Many skeletal abnormalities are associated with manganese deficiency and are related to default in mucopolysaccharide synthesis. Lameness, shortening and bowing of legs, and enlarged joints in pigs, sheep, goats,
Mucolypolysaccharide synthesis
is widely distributed in the animal body. High concentrations of Zn can be found in the liver, bones, and animal body coverings, such as hair, wool, skin, and feathers
Zinc
a low molecular weight binding protein, has a high affinity for binding to Zn and is involved in the transfer of Zn from intestinal mucosa cells to plasma and metabolism of Zn
Metallothionein
is present in all cells of the animal body, but the largest proportion of the body’s iron is present as a component of the protein molecule hemoglobin (> 65%) and myoglobin (> 4%).
Iron
is a complex protein present in red blood cells consisting of a haem group (porphyrin) containing ferrous (Fe2+) iron and a protein (globin)
Hemoglobin
conditions in the intestine enhance iron absorption because inorganic iron in the ferrous form is more readily absorbed than iron in the ferric state
Acidic
required for hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation).
Copper
Most of the Cu found in the blood is bound to the plasma protein
Ceruloplasmin
cysteine-rich protein, is involved in the absorption. After absorption, mainly in duodenum, Cu is complexed with plasma protein albumin and mainly stored in the liver, where it is used for ceruloplasmin and other proteins needed by the body
Metallothionein
is a component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that deactivates lipid peroxides that are formed during lipid oxidation
Selenium
is a constituent of vitamin B12. ___ is widely distributed in tissues such as in the liver, kidneys, and bones
Cobalt
The only known function of ___ is as a constituent of thyroxin (tetra iodothyronine) and triiodothyronine, thyroid gland hormones.
Iodine
stimulates cellular oxidative processes and regulates the basal metabolic rate. The thyroid gland contains the highest concentration of I and is followed by other organs such as the stomach, intestine, mammary glands, and skin.
Thyroxine
could occur in animals eating I-deficient forages or those feeds containing goitrogens (substances that interfere with the iodination process in thyroxin synthesis)
Goiter
is a cofactor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and nitrogenase.
Molybdenum (Mo)
has been identified as an essential nutrient in animals
Chromium