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Bio > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements needed by the body for functions such as building tissues, regulating body fluids, assisting in body functions, and helping form body structures.

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2
Q

What do minerals remain as when food is burned?

A

Ash

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3
Q

What are the two classifications of minerals?

A
  • Major minerals
  • Trace minerals
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4
Q

What is the daily requirement for major minerals?

A

Greater than 100mg a day

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5
Q

What is the daily requirement for trace minerals?

A

Less than 100mg a day

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6
Q

Define ions in the context of minerals.

A

Electrically charged atoms resulting from a chemical reaction.

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7
Q

What are anions and cations?

A
  • Anions - negatively charged
  • Cations - positively charged
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8
Q

What happens when mineral salts dissolve in water?

A

They break into separate ions, forming electrolytes.

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9
Q

What are the main functions of Calcium (Ca2+)?

A
  • Development of bones and teeth
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Blood clotting
  • Normal heart action
  • Normal muscle activity
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10
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Calcium (Ca2+)?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteomalacia
  • Rickets
  • Tetany
  • Retarded growth
  • Poor tooth and bone formation
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11
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Characterized by low bone density or mass and fragile bones.

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12
Q

What is rickets?

A

Softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity.

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13
Q

What are the main functions of Phosphorus (P)?

A
  • Development of bones and teeth
  • Maintains normal pH of the blood
  • Constituent of all body cells
  • CHO, CHON, and fat metabolism
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14
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Phosphorus (P)?

A
  • Poor tooth and bone formation
  • Weakness
  • Anorexia
  • General malaise
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15
Q

What are the main functions of Potassium (K+)?

A
  • Contraction of muscles
  • Maintenance of fluid balance
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Regular heart rhythm
  • Cell metabolism
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16
Q

What deficiency and toxicity conditions are associated with Potassium (K+)?

A
  • Deficiency: hypokalemia, muscle weakness, confusion, abnormal heartbeat
  • Toxicity: hyperkalemia, potentially life-threatening irregular heartbeats
17
Q

What are the main functions of Sodium (Na+)?

A
  • Maintenance of fluid balance
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
  • Acid-base balance
  • Muscle contraction
18
Q

What deficiency and toxicity conditions are associated with Sodium (Na+)?

A
  • Deficiency: nausea, exhaustion, muscle cramps
  • Toxicity: hypertension, edema
19
Q

What are the main functions of Magnesium (Mg2+)?

A
  • Nerve transmission
  • Synthesis of ATP
  • Activation of metabolic enzymes
  • Muscle activity
  • Constituent of bones, muscles, and RBCs
20
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Magnesium (Mg2+)?

A

Normally unknown; can lead to mental, emotional, and muscle disorders.

21
Q

What are the main functions of Iron (Fe+)?

A
  • Transports oxygen and CO2
  • Hemoglobin formation
  • Component of cellular enzymes essential for energy production
22
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Iron (Fe+)?

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Symptoms: weakness/fatigue, dizziness, loss of weight, pallor, coldness of hands and feet
23
Q

What is the primary function of Iodine (I-)?

A

Regulation of basal metabolic rate.

24
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Iodine (I-)?

A
  • Goiter
  • Cretinism
  • Myxedema
25
Q

What are the main functions of Zinc (Zn+)?

A
  • Formation of collagen
  • Wound healing
  • Taste acuity
  • Essential for growth and immune reactions
26
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Zinc (Zn+)?

A
  • Dwarfism (achondroplasia)
  • Anemia
  • Loss of appetite
  • Skin changes
  • Impaired wound healing
  • Decreased taste acuity
27
Q

What are the main functions of Fluoride (F-)?

A
  • Increases resistance to tooth decay
  • Component of bones and teeth
28
Q

What deficiency and toxicity conditions are associated with Fluoride (F-)?

A
  • Deficiency: tooth decay, possibly osteoporosis
  • Toxicity: fluorosis, discoloration of teeth or mottling

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