minerals

Question 1

“3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in, ATP begins!

• Explain the mechanism of the Sodium Potassium ATPase

Answer 1

The sodium potassium pump is a membrane bound transport protien. It is an ion pump which functions working against the concentration gradient

ATP Powers It Up: The pump needs energy, which it gets from ATP. ATP binds to the pump, making it open to the inside of the cell.

Sodium Out: The pump grabs 3 sodium ions (Na+) from inside the cell. Then, ATP loses a phosphate (becomes ADP), and the pump changes shape.

Sodium Released: The pump opens to the outside, releasing the 3 sodium ions into the extracellular space.

Potassium In: Now, the pump’s new shape fits 2 potassium ions (K+) from the outside. The pump closes again.

Potassium Released: The pump releases the phosphate, flips back to its original shape, and releases 2 potassium ions into the cell. Then, it’s ready to start again.

Mnemonic to Remember:
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Question 2

Define upper intake level (UL)

Answer 2

the maximum daily intake unlikley to cause harmful effects on health (toxicity)

Question 3

how does thermal processing decrease phytic acid?

Answer 3

• When foods are heated, the structure of phytic acid is disrupted, and the enzymes that naturally break down phytic acid (like phytase) are activated. This process lowers the overall amount of phytic acid in the food.
• In short, heat helps break apart or reduce the phytic acid, making the minerals in the food more available for absorption.

Question 4

Define catalase

Answer 4

is an enzyme the catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Question 5

define burning foot syndrome

Answer 5

is a nueromusclar disorder that results from a deficiency in vitamin B5. This can be due to impaired synthesis of acetylcholine and myline. It is called burning foot syndrome because of burning and lightnining pain that happens in the lower extremities.

Question 6

define coenzyme

Answer 6

is a non protien compound often a vitamin that binds to an enzyme and helps it function properly by assisiting in enzymatic reactions

Question 7

define osteoporosis

Answer 7

Osteoporsis is a condition charactirezed by the loss of bone mass the loss of the matrix and minerals. This lead to bones becoming weak, porous and brittle and therefore more brone to fractures. This happens when the body looses too much bone, doesnt make enough or a combo of both.

Question 8

what is the difference between heme and hemoglobin?

Answer 8

Answer: Heme is a component of hemoglobin with iron (Fe) at its center. Hemoglobin is a complex protein made up of 4 subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains). It receives oxidation through the heme and is responsible for oxygen transport.

Question 9

Sodium is low in natrual occuring foods but which foods do have some?

Answer 9

celery, beets and milk

Question 10

list three foods high in potassium

Answer 10

white beans, potatoes, avocados.

Question 11

what foods are rich in magnesium?

Answer 11

squash and pumpkin seeds, dark chocolate and sunflower seeds

Question 12

what foods are rich with zinc

Answer 12

oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds and in some legumes and whole grains.

Question 13

what foods are rich in maganese

Answer 13

wheat bran, hazelnuts, and dark chocolate

Question 14

what foods are rich in copper

Answer 14

liver, dark chocolate, fish, nuts.

Question 15

What foods are rich in selenium??

Answer 15

brazil nuts, seafood and organ meats