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Minerals > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

General properties of minerals

A

Inorganic
Retain chemical identity
Not destroyed by heat, air, acid, light
Classified as: macro, micro trace, ultra-trace

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2
Q

Major minerals

A

Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, S

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3
Q

Trace Minerals

A

Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I, Se, Cr, F, Mo

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4
Q

Factors that influence mineral absorption

A 
Not all can be absorbed
Can compete for absorption sites
Presence of vitamins
Animal products are better absorbed
Presence of binders and dietary fiber
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5
Q

General Functions of Minerals

A 
Energy Metabolism (cofactors)
Components of body compounds (RBCs, B12, bones,  stomach acid, thyroid hormone)
Water balance
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Growth and development
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6
Q

Risk for mineral deficiencies in the US

A

prolonged dietary inadequacies
decreased absorption
Calcium, Iron, and Zinc

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7
Q

Mineral Toxicity

A

Easy to reach UL and beyond especially with trace minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se)
Too much can interfere with one another

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8
Q

Calcium absorption

A

Requires acidic environment (pH < 6) and depends on active Vit D

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9
Q

What protein binds with calcium?

A

Calbindin (turned on by Vit D)

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10
Q

What increases calcium absorption?

A

Acidic conditions in food (ex: OJ fortified with Ca)
Presence of Vit D
Lactose, glucose, Increased need (esp pregnancy)
Certain hormones (estrogen, growth hormone, PTH)

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11
Q

What decreases calcium absorption

A 
Fiber, phytates, oxalates
High P intake, excessive Fe, Zn
Vit D deficiency
Increased GI motility
Steatorrhea (unabsorbed fat)
Certain medications (thyroxin, cortisones, ANTACIDS)
Increased urinary excretion
Aging
Gender
Menopause
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12
Q

Organs and hormones involved in Calcium homeostatis

A

Thyroid, parathyroid (calcitonin, PTH)
Intestines
Kidneys
Bones

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13
Q

Calcium homeostasis: rising blood Ca

A

signals the thyroid to secrete calcitonin to inhibit activation of Vit D and prevents Ca reabsorption in the kidneys, limits absorption in the intestines, inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone

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14
Q

Calcium homeostasis: Falling blood Ca

A

signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathormone: stimulates activation of Vit D. Together hey stimulate calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and enhances Ca absorption in intestines, stimulate osteoclast cells to break down bone to release Ca into blood

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15
Q

Osteoclasts

A

CUT Ca from bone: release calcium from bone, reabsorbed into blood, bone eroded

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A

BUILD Ca into bone: secrete collagen matrix, bone mineral, promote bone formation

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17
Q

Ca Functions

A 
Bone Development and Maintenance
Blood clotting
Nerve impulse transmission
Muscle contraction
(Cell Metabolism)
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18
Q

Bone structure: mineralization

A

Calcium is part of a crystal that is laid down on collagen. The more crystal the stronger the structure of the bone: HYDROXYAPATITE. This is what is released by osteoclasts.

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19
Q

Bone Mass

A

More bone mass in areas under higher stress
Peak bone mass reached between the age of 20-30
Bone loss begins in mid-adulthood
Significant loss at menopause

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20
Q

How to build higher bone mass

A 
adequate diet
healthy body weight
normal menses
weight bearing PA
moderate intakes of protein, P, Na, Caffeine
non-smoker
lower the use of certain medications
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21
Q

Calcium and Blood clotting

A

Vit K–> gla proteins–>binds Ca
Prothrombin–> thrombin
Formation of fibrin

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22
Q

Ca and transmission of nerve impulses

A

Nerve impulse arrives and stimulates Ca influx –>releases neurotransmitters –> carries impulse across synapse to target cell

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23
Q

Muscle Contraction and Ca

A

Skeletal muscle stimulated by nerve impulse –> Ca ions released from intracellular stores within muscle cells –> ca and ATP allow contractile proteins to slide along each other

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24
Q

Ca deficiency

A

Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
stunted growth in children
tetany: uncontrolled muscle contraction, muslce plain, spasms, parathesia

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25
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones become porous and fragile (most common in postmenopausal women)

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26
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A

Older age, low BMI, Race, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, female, maternal history,inadequate Ca and vit D throughout life,

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27
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Ca toxicitiy
Usually due to hyperparathyroidism or malignancy, or due to pharmacological does of calcium
-kidney stones, constipation, soft tissue caclification

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28
Q

Ca AI

A

1000-1200 mg/day (based on 40% absorption)

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29
Q

Food sources of Ca

A

milk, dairy products, kale, collard, mustard greens, Ca fortified foods, canned fish

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30
Q

Phosphorus

A

85% found in skeleton, 14% soft tissue, 1% in blood and body fluids

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31
Q

Phosphorus absorption

A

enhanced by calcitriol (active Vit D)

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32
Q

Functions of Phosphorus

A

Mineralization of bones and teeth
Acid-base balance
Component of essential body compounds (structural and regulatory roles, energy storage and transfer)

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33
Q

P containing compounds

A

ATP, ADP
DNA, RNA
Phospholipids
Bone, Vit coenzymes, phosphorylated enzymes, proteins, and nutrients

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34
Q

P Deficiency

A

Rare, Hypophosphatemia:can be due to inadequate absorption from GI tract, increased excretion from kidneys
Refeeding syndrome: occurs in malnourished who are aggressively refed; P in blood shifts into cells, leaves blood levels even lower

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35
Q

P Toxicity

A

Rare: Altered Ca: P ratios: precipitates form, insoluble, insoluble, bone loss, hypocalcemia, tetany

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36
Q

RDA for P

A

RDA: 700 mg/d

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37
Q

Food Sources of P

A

widely distributed in foods, meat poultry, fish, eggs, milk, milk products, nuts, legumes, cereals, grains, soft drinks, coffee, tea, food additives

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38
Q

Magnesium

A

55-60% found in bone
20-25% in soft tissue
1% in plasma

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39
Q

Mg aborption

A

40-60% absorbed

kidneys regulate Mg concentration in blood

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40
Q

Mg functions

A

bone structure
associated with ATP, ADP
Nerve impulses and muscle contraction (Ca antagonist)

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41
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A

Rapid heartbeat, irritability, weakness (may be due impaired Na/K pumping)
Low magnesium tetany (uncontrolled neuromuscular tremors, convulsive seizures)
Low Ca, increased risk of osteoporosis

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42
Q

Mg toxicitiy

A

excessive intake can lead to diarrhea, can happen with impaired renal function or iv administration

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43
Q

Mg RDA

A

310 mg/d for women, 400 mg for me

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44
Q

Mg food sources

A

primarily in leafy grean plants, whole grains, nuts, seeds, hard tap water, dairy meat, chocolate, cocoa

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45
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

all mineral salts whose ions dissolve in water (ions dissolved in water carry electrical current

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46
Q

Electrolytes and fluid balance

A

electrolytes attract water and water follows electrolytes

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47
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution

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48
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

amount of force needed to prevent this movement of water

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49
Q

Cell fluid balance

A

cells maintain intracellular H2O volume and electrolyte concentrations in narrow range, balance ion concentrations inside and outside of cell
Total positive ions = total negative ions

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50
Q

Electrolyte functions

A

fluid balance (osmotic pressure)
muscle contraction
transmission of nerve impulses
acid-base balance

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51
Q

Most important electrolytes

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

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52
Q

Sodium excretion

A

regulated by kidneys (antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, renin, angiotensin II) –> has effect on blood pressure

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53
Q

Na Functions

A 
Participates in nutrient absorption/transport
Maintains fluid, pH balance
Maintains pH balance
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
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54
Q

Na deficiency

A

Rare (can be due to persistent vomiting/diarrhea or excessive perspiration)
Hyponatremia

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55
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low blood sodium- irritability, confusion, weakness, hostility, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shock, coma

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56
Q

Sodium toxicity

A 
Hypernatremia
Increased Ca excretion
Kidney stone formation
High intake accompanied by lack of water
Symptoms: edema, acute hypertension
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57
Q

Na and Hypertension

A

High Na intake DOES NOT CAUSE hypertension

Na+ can contribute, but NaCl has the greatest effect on BP

58
Q

Salt Sensitivity

A

Some people are more sensitive to BP effects

Genetic predisposition, advanced age, African Americans, chronic kidney disease,, hypertension, diabetes, obesity

59
Q

Sodium AI

A

1500 mg/day

60
Q

Food sources of sodium

A

canned meats, soups, condiments, pickled foods, traditional snacks

61
Q

Potassium Functions

A

Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
Supports cell integrity
Nerve-impulse transmission
Muscle Contraction

62
Q

Potassium Deficiency

A

Rare, caused by excessive losses

Hypokalemia

63
Q

Hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness, bloating, heart abnormalities

64
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Potassium toxicity- results in severe arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, usually due to impaired renal function, can stop heart if injected into vein

65
Q

Potassium AI

A

4700 mg/day

66
Q

K Food Sources

A

milk, potatoes, coffee, tomatoes, orange juice

67
Q

Potassium and Hypertension

A

High intake is related to low prevalence of hypertension and stroke

68
Q

DASH diet

A 
dietary approaches to stop hypertension
Key Foods: fruits, veggies, low fat dairy, nuts
Key Components: High Ca, K, Mg
Low in Na
Low in fat, sat fat
High fiber
69
Q

Chloride

A

negative charge neutralizes positive charge of Na and maintains electrolyte balance

70
Q

Cl functions

A 
major electrolyte
formation of gastric acid (HCl)
immune response (phagocytosis)
nerve function
chloride shift
71
Q

Cl shift

A

helps transport CO2 from body tissues to lungs, disposal of Co2 in exhaled air

72
Q

Cl deficiency

A

does not occur under normal circumstances

severe diarrhea, vomiting –> convulsions

73
Q

Toxicity

A

Large intake may cause fluid retention and implicated in blood pressure increase

74
Q

Cl AI

A

2.3 g/d

75
Q

Foods with Cl

A

mostly consumed via NaCl, but also found in eggs, milk, meat, seafood

76
Q

Trace Minerals

A 
Daily nutritional needs <100 mg
9 essential (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, I, F, Mo)
77
Q

Worldwide iron deficiency

A

most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
affects >1 billion in developing countries
in most developed nations, 2/3 of all children and women of child bearing age

78
Q

Iron

A

65% found in hemoglobin (functional)
10% in myoglobin
1-5% is part of enzymes
remainder in blood or storage (nonfunctional)

79
Q

Iron in body dependent on

A

gender, age, size, nutritional status, general health stores, Fe stores

80
Q

Trace Minerals

A 
Daily nutritional needs <100 mg
9 essential (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, I, F, Mo)
81
Q

Worldwide iron deficiency

A

most common nutritional deficiency worldwide
affects >1 billion in developing countries
in most developed nations, 2/3 of all children and women of child bearing age

82
Q

Iron

A

65% found in hemoglobin (functional)
10% in myoglobin
1-5% is part of enzymes
remainder in blood or storage (nonfunctional)

83
Q

Iron in body dependent on

A

gender, age, size, nutritional status, general health stores, Fe stores

84
Q

Two forms of iron

A

Heme iron: contained in hemoglobin, myoglobin of meat, fish, poultry (more bioavailable)
Nonheme iron: present in veggies, grains, and supplements

85
Q

Mucosal Block

A

Fe in food is absorbed into mucosal cells of small intestine–>get attached to a protein called ferritin binds with Fe and binds it in cell for as long as the cell is alive (3-6 days). If body has need for iron it will get transported to wherever it is needed or into storage. Must be bound to transferrin. If your body does not need iron it will stay bound to ferritin and when cells die off the iron gets excreted with it.

86
Q

Absorption of heme iron

A

proteases cleave globin from hemoglobin, myoglobin and heme is absorbed intact in small intestine
Heme oxygenase hydrolyzes Fe fromprotoporyphyrin

87
Q

Factors enhancing nonheme Fe absorption

A

meat, fish poultry (MFP factor)
Acids: ascorbic acid, HCl from stomach, citric lactac acids from foods
Sugars

88
Q

Factors inhibiting Noneheme Fe absorption

A 
Phytates and fibers (whole grains, soy, nuts)
Oxalates: spinach, beets, rhubarb
Calcium and phosphorus (milk)
tannins and polyphenols (tea, coffee)
EDTA (food additives)
*can cause milk anemia
89
Q

Mucosal Block

A

Fe in food is absorbed into mucosal cells of small intestine–>get attached to a protein called ferritin binds with Fe and binds it in cell for as long as the cell is alive (3-6 days). If body has need for iron it will get transported to wherever it is needed or into storage. Must be bound to transferrin. If your body does not need iron it will stay bound to ferritin and when cells die off the iron gets excreted with it.

90
Q

Functions of Fe

A

Component of body proteins: Hemoglobin, Myoglogbin, cytochromes
Enzyme cofactor

91
Q

Fe toxicity

A

Fe poisoning, accidental Fe overload (usually from supplements)

92
Q

Who is at risk for Iron deficiency anemia

A

pregnant women, infants & toddlers, teenagers, women in childbearing years, vegans, runners

93
Q

Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

fatigue upon exertion, difficulty concentrating

94
Q

Iron Deficiency without anemia

A

Paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficulty breathing, poor growth
Pica: behavior associated with deficiency: consuming non food substances

95
Q

Fe toxicity

A

Fe poisoning, accidental Fe overload (usually from supplements)

96
Q

Factors that inhibit Zn absorption

A

fiber, phytates, oxalates, Fe, Cu

97
Q

Fe RDA

A

8 mg/day males

18 mg/day females (under 50)

98
Q

Food sources of Iron

A

red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, enriched grains, fortified cereals, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables, dried fruit, iron skillet

99
Q

Factors that enhance Zinc absorption

A

protein, citric and picolinic acids from human milk, low Zn status

100
Q

Factors that inhibit Zn absorption

A

fiber, phytates, oxalates, Fe, Cu

101
Q

Zn Absorption and transport

A

Stored in cell, bound to metallothionein

Transported through cell (CRIP) into plasma bound to albumin for use by other tissues

102
Q

Zinc Excretion

A

metallothionein synthesis regulates Zn absorption (can prevent overabsorption); mucosal block similar to Fe
Excretion: Mucosal block and intestines to body and back to intestine
also excreted in urine and sweat

103
Q

Zn functions

A

metalloenzyme component: provides structural integrity to enzyme, and/or participates in catalytic reaction, required by more enzymes than all trace minerals combined

104
Q

Zn foods

A

animal products, shellfish, legumes, nuts, whole grains (NOT ENRICHED)

105
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

A

severe deficiency, rare genetic disease, severe dermatitis in infants, switched from breast milk to cow’s milk

106
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

chronic toxicity: imparired Fe, Cu status, anemia, immune deficiency, reduces HDL
Acute toxicity: diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting

107
Q

Zn RDA

A

8 mg/day women

11 mg/day men

108
Q

Zn foods

A

animal products, shellfish, legumes, nuts, whole grains (NOT ENRICHED)

109
Q

Functions of Cu

A

metalloprotein component and enzyme cofactor
Ceruloplasmin: transports Cu in blood, oxidizes Fe2 to Fe3 for transport, key factor in hemoglobin synthesis, helps release stored Fe from ferritin

110
Q

Ceruloplasmin and Iron transport

A

ferroxidase activity, High Fe intake interferes

*why prolonged Cu deficiency can cause anemia

111
Q

Copper deficiency

A

rare
Genetic defect: Menkes’ kinky hair syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia due to supplementation

112
Q

Cu toxicity

A

not common
Acute: hemolytic anemia, liver, kidney damage, vomiting
Chronic (hereditary): Wilson’s disease accumulates copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and cornea leading to premature death if undetected

113
Q

Copper RDA

A

900 micrograms for adults

114
Q

Food sources of Cu

A

organ meats, shellfish, nuts, cocoa, mushrooms, whole grains

115
Q

Selenium (Se)

A

Occurs in foods as selenocysteine and selenomethionine

116
Q

Se food sources

A

Organ meats, seafood, muscle meats, whole grains, dairy, fruits and vegetables

117
Q

Se deficiency

A

Keshan disease: viral, heart disease

118
Q

Se Toxicity

A

Selenosis: excess supplementation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, diarrhea, hair and nail loss or brittleness, inhibition of protein synthesis, garlic breath odor
Acute poisoning can be lethal

119
Q

Se RDA

A

55 micrograms/day

120
Q

Se food sources

A

Organ meats, seafood, muscle meats, whole grains, dairy, fruits and vegetables

121
Q

Iodide functions

A

integral part of thyroid hormones: regulate metabolic rate, growth, development, etc.

122
Q

Iodide deficiency

A

Insufficient thyroxine; thyroid continually releases TSH and thyroid cell size increases in size and number

123
Q

Goiter:

A

enlargement of thyroid gland due to Iodide deficiency

124
Q

Iodide toxicity

A

thyroid gland enlargement, thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited

125
Q

Iodide RDA

A

150 micrograms/day

126
Q

Iodide food sources

A

iodized salt, saltwater fish, seafood, molasses

127
Q

Fluoride Functions

A

Prevents demineralization of calcified tissues
Aids in synthesis of flourapatite crystals
Protects against tooth decay
Increases bone mass

128
Q

Fl toxicity

A

flourosis: mottling of teeth

129
Q

Fluoride AI

A
  1. 1 mg/day women

3. 8 mg/day men

130
Q

Food sources of Fl

A

tea, seafood (consumed with bones), seaweed, grains, vegetables

131
Q

Chromium Functions

A

Enhances insulin action: mechanism of action under investigation
Glucose tolerance factor: may initiate S-S bridging

132
Q

Chromium Deficiency

A

impaired glucose tolerance- diabetes like

133
Q

Chromium toxicity

A

no toxicity from foods, possible industrial exposure

134
Q

Chromium AI

A

35 micrograms/day men

25 micrograms/day women

135
Q

Chromium food sources

A

small amount of information available, in plants it is dependent on soil content
Most reliable: meats, poultry, egg yolk, brain, whole grain, cheese, mushrooms

136
Q

Manganese functions

A

enzyme cofactor: binds to ATP, ADP, facilitates macronutrient metabolism

137
Q

Mg AI

A

1.8-2.3 mg/day

138
Q

Mg deficiency and toxicity

A

deficiency is rare, toxicity from supplements, environmental contamination or nervous system disorders

139
Q

Molybdenum (Mo)

A

Essential cofactor for xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase

Deficiency: rare, toxicity only in lab animals

140
Q

Mo RDA

A

45 micrograms/day

141
Q

Mo food sources

A

milk, milk products, beans, whole grains, nuts

142
Q

Ultratrace minerals

A

Boron, Nickel, Silicon, Arsenic, Vanadium

Minerals (1 decks)

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