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Mineralogy > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Atom

A

a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element.

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2
Q

What is an Electron

A

a negatively charged subatomic particle

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3
Q

What is an Element

A

a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons

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4
Q

What is an Ion

A

a charged atom or molecule.

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5
Q

What is an Ionic bond

A

When the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.

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6
Q

What is an Isotope

A

atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons.

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7
Q

What is a mineral

A

a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.

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8
Q

What is a neutron

A

subatomic particles that are one of the primary constituents of atomic nuclei.

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9
Q

What is a proton

A

a subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge.

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10
Q

What is a saturated solution

A

there is so much solute that if there was any more, it would not dissolve.

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11
Q

What is a supersaturated solution

A

a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature.

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12
Q

What is a valence orbit

A

the set of orbitals which are energetically accessible for accepting electrons to form chemical bonds

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13
Q

What are valence electrons

A

the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom.

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14
Q

What is a solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

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15
Q

what is a solvent

A

any substance, usually liquid, which is capable of dissolving one or several substances, thus creating a solution

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16
Q

What is a crystal

A

a solid whose atoms are arranged in a “highly ordered” repeating pattern.

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17
Q

What is nucleation

A

a process where the molecules in a liquid start to gather into tiny clusters, arranging in a way that will define the crystal structure of the solid.

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18
Q

What is cation

A

ions that are positively charged

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19
Q

What is anion

A

Anions are ions that are negatively charged.

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20
Q

what is cleavage

A

the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer.

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21
Q

what is hardness

A

a measure of its relative resistance to scratching

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22
Q

what is luster

A

a physical property used by mineralogists to help identify minerals

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23
Q

What is streak

A

the color of a mineral powder.

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24
Q

What are the 6 ways that elements are made?

A
  1. Primordial elements
  2. Main sequence elements
  3. red giants
  4. supergiants
  5. supernova
  6. man made
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25
Q

Why is Fe an important element in how elements are made?

A

Iron is an essential element for all forms of life and is non-toxic.

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26
Q

What is special about U in how elements are made?

A

It is the major material from which other synthetic transuranium elements are made.

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27
Q

Most of the atoms are created in which of the 6 ways?

A
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28
Q

The most abundant elements on earth are created in which way (why does this make them abundant? )

A
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29
Q

What is special about where H and He came from

A
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30
Q

What elements are man made?

A

The ones on the bottom

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31
Q

What are the 2 most abundant elements in the universe

A

Helium and Hydrogen

32
Q

What are the 2 most abundant elements in the earth as a whole

A

Oxygen and Silicon

33
Q

What are the 2 most abundant elements in earths crust

A

Oxygen and Silicon

34
Q

How many electron orbits (or energy levels) are possible in a Bohr model of the atom?

A

2 (first level), 8 (2nd level), 18 (3rd level), and 32 (4th level)

35
Q

How many electrons can be held in each orbit?

A

2

36
Q

Which electron orbits (energy levels) fill up first?

A

1s will be filled first, with the maximum of 2 electrons. 2s will be filled next, with the maximum of 2 electrons. 2p will be filled next, with the maximum of 6 electrons.

37
Q

Why do electrons fill those orbits first?

A

lowest energy

38
Q

Where do you find the protons and neutrons in the Bohr Model of the Atom?

A

The nucleus

39
Q

What are the general properties of a proton

A

Positive

40
Q

What are the general properties of a electron

A

Negative

41
Q

What are the general properties of a neutron

A

Neutral

42
Q

Why do protons and electrons need to be the same number?

A

The positive charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge on an electron

43
Q

How is the mass number different from the atomic mass.

A

The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element.

44
Q

Why does an atom become an ion?

A
45
Q

Does an atom gain or lose electrons to become a + ion.

A

Lose

46
Q

Does an atom gain or lose electrons to become a - ion.

A

Gain

47
Q

Where are the positive ions found on the periodic table

A

Left side

48
Q

Where are the negative ions found on the periodic table?

A

Right side

49
Q

What holds those ions in an ionic bond together?

A

Oppositely charged particles attract each other.

50
Q

How do you know if two atoms can form an ionic bond?

A

You need a negative and a positive

51
Q

Give an example of the most common solvent.

A

Water

52
Q

What was the solvent for making diamonds?

A
53
Q

Give an example of a common solute.

A

Sugar, Salt

54
Q

What was the solute for making diamonds

A
55
Q

Solute for making our crystals in class?

A

Alum

56
Q

Solute for making the crystals in the cave?

A
57
Q

What is the difference between: Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions.

A

Unsaturated- a solution that contains less than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved.

Saturated-one substance takes up as much space as possible within another substance and it can take no more molecules.

Supersaturated- a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that is capable of being dissolved at a given temperature

58
Q

What happens in precipitation from solutions.

A

a compound coming out of solution.

59
Q

Give three examples of precipitation from solution that we have covered in class.

A
60
Q

what type of rocks are made from precipitation from solution?

A

sedimentary rocks

61
Q

What happens in solid state diffusion?

A

a liquid, a gas, or another solid can mix together with the host solid on the atomic level.

62
Q

What is the one example of solid state diffusion we have covered in class?

A
63
Q

What type of rocks are made by solid state diffusion?

A

metamorphic rocks

64
Q

What happens in solidification of a melt?

A

a liquid becomes a solid

65
Q

What type of rocks are made from solidification of a melt?

A

Igneous rocks

66
Q

Describe how we got the Alum in your solution to come out of the solution.

A

We heated the solution so the Alum would come out of the solution.

67
Q

Why did the minerals in the cave in Mexico grow so large?

A

Intense heat

68
Q

Why do we normally not see crystals in their natural crystal shape?

A

in order to readily show their geometric form and flat surfaces, crystals need ideal growing conditions and room to grow.

69
Q

What are the similarities between our Alum crystals, the cave crystals, and making diamonds.

A
70
Q

Where do minerals get their crystal shape?

A

the symmetrical, three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside the mineral.

71
Q

How are diamonds and graphite the same and different?

A

In diamonds, one carbon atom is bonded with four others to create a dense, cage-like crystal structure that is very hard. In graphite, one carbon bonds with three others to form flat layers that stack like a deck of cards and can slide apart

72
Q

What are the 5 things something must have to be a mineral?

A
  1. Naturally occurring
  2. inorganic
  3. Solid at room temp
  4. crystal structure
  5. defined chemical composition
73
Q

Minerals are the building blocks of what?

A

Rocks

74
Q

what is crystal form?

A

a set of crystal faces that are related to each other by symmetry

75
Q

Why is color of the mineral not a good indicator of the type of mineral that you have?

A

color can be highly variable. Some minerals can occur in a variety of different colors due to impurities in the chemical makeup of the mineral.

76
Q

primordrial meaning?

A

From the beginning of time.

Mineralogy (1 decks)

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