Minerals

Question 1

Sodium function

Answer 1

-Maintains fluid balance
- Transmit nerve impulses
- Influences contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 2

Too much sodium

Answer 2

• Causes high blood pressure
• May lead to fluid retention
• Role in osteoporosis

Question 3

Sodium intake recommendations

Answer 3

• AI: 460-920 mg/day
• Suggested Daily Intake: 2000mg/day

Question 4

Potassium function

Answer 4

• Associated with fluid balance
• Low intake increases blood pressure
• High intake prevent and correct hypertension

Question 5

Potassium sources

Answer 5

• Fruits and vegetables

Question 6

Calcium function

Answer 6

• Required for bone health
• Hypertension prevention
• Obesity prevention
• Osteoporosis prevention

Question 7

Phosphorus function

Answer 7

• Mineralization of bones and teeth
• Energy metabolism & energy transfer part of every cell

Question 8

Phosphorus sources

Answer 8

• Dairy products
• Meats, poultry, fish
• Eggs
• Nuts
  -Legumes
• Vegetables and grains

Question 9

Iron function

Answer 9

• Oxygen transport
• Enzymes
• Immune system

Question 10

Iron deficiency

Answer 10

• Anemia
• Impaired immunity
• Impaired cognitive function
• Adverse pregnancy outcomes

Question 11

Iron sources

Answer 11

• Heme iron: Animal sources
• None heme iron: Plant sources

Question 12

Vulnerable stages for iron deficiency

Answer 12

• Women in reproductive years(menstruation)
• Pregnant women (increased needs for fetus)
• Infants and young children (rapid growth)
• Teenagers (rapid growth)

Question 13

Public health significance of Iron

Answer 13

• Critical for motor and cognitive development
• Children and women esp. vulnerable to deficiency
• Deficiency affects 42% children <5 and 40% pregnant women globally
• Public health intervention: lucky iron fish

Question 14

Zinc function

Answer 14

• DNA and RNA synthesis
• Involved in growth, development, and immune function
• Affects thyroid hormone function
• Taste perception, wound healing
• Sperm development, fetal development

Question 15

Zinc deficiency

Answer 15

• Delayed sexual maturation
• Growth retardation
• Impaired immune function
• Hair loss, skin and eye lesions
• Altered tase, loss of appetite, delayed wound healing

Question 16

Zinc sources

Answer 16

• Oysters
• Meat, fish
• Milk
  Legumes

Question 17

Public health significance of zinc deficiency

Answer 17

• Needed for proper growth and development
• 17.3% of global population at risk of deficiency due to inadequate diet
• Treatment/prevention: Supplementation

Question 18

Iodine function

Answer 18

• Essential for thyroid hormone that helps to regulate metabolism
• Regulates body temp., growth, development, reproduction, blood cell production

Question 19

Iodine deficiency

Answer 19

• Impaired intellectual development
• Goiter
• Cretinism

Question 20

Iodine sources

Answer 20

• Iodised salt
• Seafood
• Fortified products

Question 21

Public health significance of iodine

Answer 21

• 18 million babies born mentally impaired due to maternal deficiency
• 38 million born at risk of deficiency
• Globally estimated 3 billion people have insufficient iodine intake
• Intervention: Fortification of salt
• 71% global household have access to iodised salt
• Salt iodisation led to improvement in IQ points

Question 22

Fluoride functions

Answer 22

• Formation of teeth and bones; helps resist tooth decay

Question 23

Public health significance of fluoride

Answer 23

• Fluoridation of water introduced in Australia 1953
• In 2010, almost 90% of Australians had benefits of optimal water fluoridation
• No credible link between water fluoridation & adverse effects