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OCR A LEVEL GEOLOGY > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between Silicon, Silica and Silicate?

A

Silicon - The element
Silica - SiO2
Silicate - Any mineral that contains silica

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2
Q

What are the 5 silicate structures?

A
  1. Single Tetrahedra (SOLO)
  2. Chain (CHAP)
  3. Double Chain (DAM)
  4. Sheet (SHIMMER)
  5. Framework (FRACTURE - QUICK!)
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3
Q

What minerals have a single tetrahedra?

A

Olivine (SOLO - O = OLIVINE)

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4
Q

What minerals have a single chain?

A

Pyroxene aka Augite (CHAP - A = AUGITE)

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5
Q

What minerals have a double chain?

A

Amphibole aka Hornblende (DAM - A = AMPHIBOLE)

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6
Q

What minerals have a sheet structure?

A

Micas (SHIMMER - M = MICAS)

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7
Q

What minerals have a framework structure?

A

Quarts, Feldspars (FRACTURES - QUICK! F = FELDSPARS, Q = QUARTZ)

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8
Q

What is the angle between faces on Quartz?

A

60 degrees

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9
Q

What is the grain boundary?

A

The line of contact between minerals/crystals in a rock

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10
Q

What are the eight characteristics of minerals used to identify them?

A

-Colour
-Streak (The colour of the line that is left behind when scratched)
-Lustre (How shiny it is)
-Shape
-Cleavage (A division / split in a mineral/rock)
-Hardness (MOHS HARDNESS SCALE)
-Density (= MASS/VOLUME)
-Reactions with acids (If a rock fizzes with certain acids etc)

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11
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of quartz?

A

Hardness = 7
Colour = White/Grey/sometimes pink
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = White
Density = 2.7
Cleavage = None

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12
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of calcite?

A

Hardness = 3
Colour = White/Colourless
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = White
Density = 2.7
Cleavage = At least 3 rhombus cleavages

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13
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of Muscovite + Biotite Micas?

A

Hardness = 2.5
Colour = Muscovite = Colourless/Silvery, Biotite = Black/Dark brown
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = White
Density = 3
Cleavage = One perfect cleavage so can split easily.

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14
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of hornblende?

A

Hardness = 5.5
Colour = Dark green/black
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = Light grey
Density = 3.2
Cleavage = Two cleavages at 60 degrees

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15
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of augite?

A

Hardness = 5.5
Colour = Dark green/black
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = Light grey
Density = 3.4
Cleavage = Two cleavages at 90 degrees

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16
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of K feldspar and Plagioclase feldspar?

A

Hardness = 6
Colour = White/pink
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = White
Density = 2.6-2.7
Cleavage = Two cleavages that intersect at 90 degrees

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17
Q

What is hardness, colour, lustre, streak, density and cleavage of Olivine?

A

Hardness = 6.5
Colour = Black/Green
Lustre = Glassy
Streak = White/Pale grey
Density = 3.8
Cleavage = No cleavage

18
Q

Define Euhedral, Subhedral, Anhedral

A
  1. Perfectly formed crystal
  2. Sub-formed crystal
  3. Poorly formed crystal/Without shape.
19
Q

What are the three crystal size groups?

A
  1. Fine = < 1 mm
  2. Medium = 1-5 mm
  3. Coarse = > 5mm
20
Q

Define equicrystalline, inequicrystalline, phenocrysts and groundmass

A
  1. Crystals are same sizes in a rock
  2. Crystals are different sizes in a rock
  3. Large, Euhedral crystals
  4. Finer sub/anhedral

(3 and 4 are both examples of porphyritic texture)

21
Q

Define crystallisation

A

Occurs during the cooling of lava/magma so that solid minerals form

22
Q

Define recrystallisation

A

Is the solid state process that changes minerals into new crystalline metamorphic minerals

23
Q

Define clasts

A

A fragment of broken rock produced by mechanical weathering and erosion

24
Q

What is the standard size slice of a rock?

A

0.03mm

25
Q

What are geological microscopes called?

A

Petrological microscopes

26
Q

What does PPL and XPL stand for?

A

PPL = plane polarised light - viewed through one polarising filter
XPL = Cross polarised light - viewed through two polarising filters

27
Q

What is the order of the abundance of elements in the Earths crust?

A
  1. Oxygen (OX)
  2. Silicon (SI)
  3. Aluminium (AL)
  4. Iron (F)
  5. Calcium (AC)
  6. Sodium (NA)
  7. Potassium (K)
  8. Magnesium (MAG)

OXSIALFACNAKMAG

28
Q

What is the order of the abundance of elements in the Earths mantle?

A
  1. Oxygen (OX)
  2. Silicon (SI)
    3.Magnesium (MAG)
  3. Iron (F)
  4. Aluminium (A)
  5. Calcium (C)
  6. Sodium (NA)
  7. Potassium (K)

OXSIMAGFACNACK

29
Q

What is the order of the abundance of elements in the Earths mantle?

A
  1. Iron (FE)
  2. Oxygen (O)
  3. Nickel (NI)

FEONI

30
Q

How can calcite be distinguished from quartz?

A

You can use an acid test using DIULUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or test the hardness scale.

31
Q

What are the 4 salts?

A

Calcite
Gypsum
Halite
Potassium

32
Q

What is the formula for NATIVE COPPER?

A

Cu

33
Q

What is the formula for NATIVE SULPHUR?

A

S

34
Q

What is the formula for calcite?

A

CaCO3

35
Q

What is the formula for quartz?

A

SiO2

36
Q

What is the formula for galena?

A

PbS

37
Q

What is the formula for pyrite?

A

FeS2

38
Q

What is glass?

A

A solid with no crystalline structure

39
Q

What is a mineral?

A

A naturally occurring chemical substance having a definite composition and crystalline structure.

40
Q

What is a rock?

A

An aggregate mixture of minerals.

41
Q

What is a crystal?

A

A solid with plane faced formed when atoms are arranged in an ordered pattern

OCR A LEVEL GEOLOGY (12 decks)

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