Minerals Flashcards

Question

What is magnesium The adult body contains how much magnesium at where? Normal values of magnesium in the serum ranges between what values

Answer 1

Magnesium(Mg2+), an abundant mineral in the body, is naturally present in many foods, added to other food products, available as supplement and present in some medications – laxatives and antacids. •Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse biochemical reactions in the body. •Magnesium homeostasis is largely controlled by the kidney, which usually excretes about 120mg of magnesium each day. •Urinary excretion is low when magnesium is low adult body contains approximately 25g of magnesium, with 50%-60% present in the bones and the rest in soft tissues. •Less than 1% of total magnesium is in the blood serum. •Normal values in the serum ranges between 0.75 and 0.95mmol/L.

Answer 2

``` Almond Cashews Soy milk Peanut butter Avocado Whole wheat bread ``` It is essential for healthy bone formation. •It helps in glucose control and insulin metabolism. •It aids in muscle contraction and relaxation. •It helps lower blood pressure •It contributes to the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Magnesium – Drug Interactions •Magnesium supplementation may give rise to some drug interactions. Medications that may interact with magnesium supplements or affect magnesium levels include: oOral bisphosphonates that treat osteoporosis such as alendronate (Fosamax) oTetracycline antibiotics including doxycycline and demeclocyclin oQuinolone antibiotics including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. oProton pump inhibitors including esomeprazole magnesium

Answer 3

Magnesium deficiency is known as hypomagnesemia. •Hypomagnesemia results from: oExcess alcohol consumption oDiabetes oGastrointestinal disorders oSide effects from certain medications •Hypomagnesemia is more common in older adults ``` Magnesium Deficiency (Cont’d) •Symptoms of magnesium deficiency include: oLoss of appetite oNausea/vomiting oFatigue oMuscle cramps oNumbness oTingling oSeizures oHeart rhythm changes or spasms oPersonality changes ``` An overdose of magnesium through dietary sources is unlikely because the body will eliminate any excess magnesium from food through urine. •However, high intake from magnesium supplements can lead to gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, nausea or cramping. •Very large doses can cause kidney problems, low blood pressure, urine retention, nausea and vomiting, depression, lethargy, loss of CNS control, cardiac arrest and possibly death. NB: People with kidney disorder should not take magnesium supplements unless their doctor advises that they do.

Answer 4

Selenium is an essential component and a trace mineral. •It has an atomic number of 34 and symbol Se. •It is an essential component of various enzymes and proteins. •This mineral shares some of the chemical characteristics of sulphur. This similarity allows selenium to substitute for sulphur in the amino acids, cysteine, cysteine, methionine, hence the name selenoproteins. Selenium is an essential component of various enzymes and proteins. •Although it is mostly stored in the thyroid gland, it is also stored in muscle tissues. •The Recommended Dietary Allowance for various groups is as follows: ➢Children (<= 13 years) – 40mcg/day ➢ Adults and children > 13 years – 55mcg/day Pregnant women – 60mcg/day ➢Breastfeeding women – 70mcg/day ``` Eggs Tuna Chicken Brown rice Sardine Sunflower ➢ ```

Answer 5

``` Functions of Selenium •Acts as a powerful antioxidant. •Reduces risk of certain cancers. •Protects against heart diseases. •Helps to prevent mental decline. •Important for thyroid health. •Boosts the immune system. •May help reduce asthma symptoms. ``` ``` Severe selenium deficiency results in: •Keshan disease (congestive cardiomyopathy) •Kashin-Beck disease (osteochondropathy) Moderate selenium deficiency results in: •Depression •Mood swings Hypothyroidism Liver damage Scaly skin Tiredness ``` ``` Toxicity Hair loss •Dizziness •Nausea •Vomiting •Facial flushing •Tremors •Muscle soreness ```

Answer 6

Vitamin B9, also called folate or folic acid , is one of 8 B vitamins. ▪All B vitamins help the body convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy. ▪These 8 vitamins, often referred to as 8- complex vitamins, also help the body use fats and protein. ▪ vitamin B9 is needed for a healthy liver, and healthy skin, hair, and eyes. ▪They also help the nervous system function properly ▪All the B vitamins, including FOLATE are water soluble STRUCTURE ▪Folate has a chemical name,pteroylglutamate acid(PGA). It’s primary coenzyme form tetrahydrofolate,transfers one carbon in metabolism. ▪It consists of a ring structure and a glutamate compound. ▪Vitamin B12 is required to help for the folate coenzyme to function. Folate has a chemical name,pteroylglutamate acid(PGA). It’s primary coenzyme form tetrahydrofolate,transfers one carbon in metabolism. ▪It consists of a ring structure and a glutamate compound. ▪Vitamin B12 is required to help for the folate coenzyme to function.

Answer 7

HEALTH EFFECT OF FOLATE ▪Cells & tissues rapid growth during infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy. ▪Production of DNA and RNA, ▪Mental & emotional health ▪Proper brain function ▪Works closely with vitamin B12 to make RBCs ▪Reduces risk of heart diseases ▪Nueral tube birth ▪Spina bifida ▪Cleft palate ▪Brain damage ``` Colon cancer ▪Breast cancer ▪Cervical cancer ▪Pancreatic cancer ▪Stomach cancer ```

Answer 8

``` Deficiencies Poor growth ▪Tongue inflammation ▪Gingivitis ▪Loss of appetite ▪Anemia(Large-cell type) ``` ``` DEFICIENCIES ▪Shortness of breath ▪Diarrhea ▪Irritability ▪Forgetfulness ▪Mental sluggishness ``` ``` Sources: Spinach Dark leafy greens Avocado Soya beans Liver Legume Seeds It’s easily destroyed by heat and oxygen ``` It masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms Adult RDA: 400 per day Upper level 1000 Check the slide for the unit

Answer 9

Minerals are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Those essential for health include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium. WHAT IS ZINC ▪Essential trace elements for human, animals and plants ▪Naturally present in some foods, added to others and available as dietary supplements ▪Involved in numerous aspect of cellular metabolism ▪Required for the catalytic activity of approximately 100 enzymes The body’s handling of zinc resembles that of iron in some ways and differs in others. A key difference is the circular passage of zinc from the intestine to the body and back again.

Answer 10

``` The major sources of zinc are found in animal foods like: ▪Milk ▪Beef meat ▪Liver ▪Oyster ▪Eggs ``` ``` ▪Spinach ▪Nuts ▪Legumes ▪Whole grain cereals ▪Wheat and bran ➢Availability is less in plant sources. Food processes removes large portions of zinc as well as other trace element ``` FUNCTIONS ▪An essential component of several metalloenzymes ▪Development of male reproductive functions ▪Formation of testosterone ▪An accelerator of wound healing and for a normal sense of taste ▪Vital for immune systems ▪Vital for growth and cell division ▪Vital for vision AT RISK GROUPS ▪People with gastrointestinal and other diseases ▪Vegetarians ▪Pregnant and lactating women ▪Older infants who are exclusively breastfed ▪People with sickle cell diseases ▪Alcoholics

Answer 11

``` DEFICIENCY ▪Retardation ▪Loss of appetite ▪Impaired immune function ▪Alopecia ▪Diarrhea ▪Delayed sexual maturation ▪Impotence in males ``` RDA Men are required to take 11 mg of zinc per day. Women are required to take 8 mg per day. ▪UPPER LEVEL Adult :40mg/day Toxicity Acute adverse effects of high zinc intake includes ▪Nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal cramps and headache. ▪It has an effect of decrease in HDL-cholesterol in adult males. ▪Associated with inhalation of zinc chloride from industrial pollution causing loss of iron from the liver and a loss of copper.

Answer 12

Chromium is an essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. TWO TYPES; Chromium iii Chromium iv ``` Broccoli Whole wheat bread Garlic Orange juice Apple Green beans ``` Cigarettes

Answer 13

``` Reduces cholesterol Regulates glucose levels or glycemia Used in treating Alzheimer’s Improved tissue sensitivity Useful in treating type two diabetes ``` ``` Deficiencies: May result in diabetes like conditions Skin rashes Upset stomach and ulcers Respiratory problems A weakend immune system Kidney and liver diseases damage Lung cancer Death ``` Hyperlipidemia Hyperglycemia Hyperinsulinemia Too much will cause Kidney toxicity GI troubles Men:35mg/day Women:25mg/day

Answer 14

is a chemical element with symbol k - is a major essential mineral( Macro-mineral) - is a positively charged ion - It is also a major intracellular cation. Homeostasis of potassium - potassium balance or homeostasis is maintained by: 1. Transcellular movement 2. Role of GI tract in homeostasis of potassium 3. Role of kidney in homeostasis of potassium - It is also an electrolyte, a substance that conducts electricity in the body, along with sodium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium. - the adult human body contains about 250g of potassium and total body potassium is about 55mEQ/kg body weight which is influenced by age, sex and muscle mass, since most of the body’s potassium is found in muscles. - About 98% of potassium is in cells, only 2% is in ECF. ``` Potassium is found in a wide range of foods. Many fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and low in sodium. •Vegetables •Fruits •Whole grains •Fish •Meat •Legumes •Milks ```

Answer 15

FUNCTIONS -PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS & HEALTH BENEFITS 1.The primary function of potassium is maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. -Potassium is the main electrolyte inside the cell. -When potassium enters the cell, it instigates a sodium potassium exchange across the cell membrane which generates an electrical potential -The electrical potential allows an electrical current to pass from one cell to the next. POTASSIUM •FUNCTIONS -PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION & HEALTH BENEFITS 2. Major intracellular osmotically active cation and participates in IF volume regulation (exits with Cl when cells swell) 3. Maintenance of nervous system -it is required for transmission of nerve impulses -the electrical potential generated allows conduction of nerve impulses PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION & HEALTH BENEFITS 4. Influences the muscle activity - maintain normal smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac contractions. - This electrical potential gradient helps generate muscle contractions and regulates the heartbeat. 5. Supports cell’s integrity 6. Maintenance of acid-base balance - controls hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 16

DEFICIENCY( HYPOKALAEMIA) - Generally defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5mEq/L (3.5 mmol/L). - Moderate 2.5 - 3.0 mEq/L & Severe < 2.5 mEq/L auses 1. Inadequate potassium intake - Eating disorders : Anorexia, dementia, starvation - Total parental nutrition 2. Increased potassium excretion - medications : Diuretics , Laxatives and enemas ,Corticosteroids - Increased Gastrointestinal losses(diarrhea , vomiting) - Renal losses :renal diseases Osmotic diuresis( hyperglycemia), Mineralocorticoid excess, Hypomagnesemia, genetic disorders( Bartter syndrome) A shift of potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular space - medications: insulin overdose, beta 2 sympathmimetics - Alkalosis (metabolic or respiratory) - Intensive beta-adrenergic stimulation - Hypothermia CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS -Severity is proportionate to the degree and duration of the reduction in serum potassium -Symptoms usually resolve with correction of the hypokalemia -There may be more than one symptom involving the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract, kidneys, muscles, heart and nerves. POTASSIUM •DEFICIENCY( HYPOKALAEMIA) -CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 1. Palpitations(Irregular heartbeat) 2.Severe muscle weakness and cramps, which can worsen to a point of paralysis. -easy fatigability -all muscles involved including respiratory and GIT -respiratory failure, bloating and constipation 3. Glucose intolerance -Hypokalemia reduces insulin secretion 4. Elevation of blood pressure 5. Passing large amounts of urine

Answer 17

Generally defined as a serum potassium level of more than 5.5mEq/L (5.5 mmol/L). causes - Potassium toxicity does not result from overeating foods high in potassium; therefore, an Upper Level was not set. - results from 1. overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements (including some “energy fitness shakes”) 2. certain diseases 3. certain treatments ``` Dyspnea Nausea And vomiting Fatigue and weakness Chest pain Paresthesias Palpitations muscle weakness Weak muscle or tendon reflexes ```

Answer 18

Organic compounds containing hydroxyl(-OH) -The hydroxyl functional group is bound to a saturated carbon atom. -The general formula for alcohol is CnH2n+1OH -Alcohol is produced by the process of fermentation where microorganisms called yeast, feed on the sugars in malted grains , grapes ,berries etc. -contains 7kcal/g -common alcohols include: -ethanol or ethyl alcohol (the type found in alcoholic beverages) -methanol (found in methylated spirit) -propanol(a beta blocker) Presence or absence of food Gender :women don’t oxidize as much alcohol in their stomach thus leaving more to be absorbed Fermentation: yeast cells metabolize and make alcohol Alcoholic beverages Beer:5-6percent Wine:8-14 percent Liquor :35-45percent Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer 19

Why can alcohol cause malnutrition ? - both abuse and dependence - key things to note 1. decrease dietary caloric intake 2. impair nutrient digestion and absorption 3. decrease protein synthesis and secretion 4. increase breakdown and excretion of nutrients that is,many alcoholics are malnourished, either because they ingest too little of essential nutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins) or because alcohol and its metabolism prevent the body from properly absorbing, digesting, and using those nutrients. Furthermore, alcohol breakdown in the liver, both by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and by an enzyme system called the microsomal ethanol–oxidizing system (MEOS), generates toxic products such as acetaldehyde and highly reactive, and potentially damaging, oxygen– containing molecules. These products can interfere with the normal metabolism of other nutrients, particularly lipids, and contribute to liver cell damage Why is alcohol an appetite stimulant -Alcohol switches the brain into starvation mode, increasing hunger and appetite. It influemces hormones tied to satiety - eg it inhibits the effects of leptin, a hormone that suppresses appetite and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone that inhibits food intake. 2. It stimulate nerve cells in the brain's hypothalamus that increase appetite. - neurons in the brain that are generally activated by actual starvation, causing an intense feeling of hunger, can be stimulated by alcohol.

Answer 20

``` Recommended in Moderation FOR WOMEN - one drink only in a day - 12 units in a week FOR MEN -two drink only in a day - 14 units in a week •To calculate the units -volume of drink x percentage of alcohol divided by 1000 ``` Women who may become or are pregnant People w a history of alcoholism People under the legal drinking age People with liver and kidney disease People taking medications that interact w alcohol People who are driving or doing tasks that need their total concentration Alcohol reduces stress Enhances confidence Simulates appetite Increased HDL and reduced LDL Health Effects of alcohol - Alcohol Disrupts the Liver - Alcohols effect on the brain - Alcohol and Malnutrition - Alcohol’s Short-Term Effects - Alcohol’s Long-Term Effects

Answer 21

Alcohol abuse:pattern of alcoholic consumption resulting in distress ,danger or harm to onees health Alcohol dependence or alcoholism :characterized by chronic alcohol dependence ``` Reduces brain function Alcohol poisoning Reduced liver function Increased risk for chronic diseases Malnutrition Fetal and infant health problems Increased risk for traumatic injury ```

Answer 22

WATER INTOXICATION - excessive water ingestion and kidney disorders that reduce urine production. - excessive water intake upsets electrolyte balances. - Excessive water ingestion (10 to 20 liters) within a few hours contributes to the dangerous condition known as hyponatremia. - too much water in the cells (including brain cells), causing them to swell. When the cells in the brain swell they cause increased ICP. - The symptoms may include - confusion, - convulsions, - and even death in extreme cases. WATER DEFICIENCY( DEHYDRATION) ``` INADEQUATE FLUID INTAKE OF WATER •Deprivation, •Lack of thirst (toxemia), •Esophageal Obstruction •Dysphagia ``` ``` EXCESSIVE FLUID LOSS •Diarrhea, •Vomiting, •Polyuria, •Extensive skin wounds, •Copious sweating,, •Acute intestinal or gastric obstruction and dilatation •Hemorrhage ``` WATER DEFICIENCY( DEHYDRATION) - the condition in which body water output exceeds water input. - when too much water is lost from the body and not replaced, dehydration develops. - Causes - Dehydration may easily develop with either water deprivation or excessive water losses - factors include 1. Inadequate intake of water 2. Excess fluid loss

Answer 23

Carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body 2. Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen 3. Participates in metabolic reactions 4. Serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities 5. Acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and, in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb 6. Aids in the regulation of normal body temperature 7. Serves as a shock absorber 8. Maintains blood volume. 9. Drinking plenty of water may protect against urinary stones and constipation Sources 1. water itself 2. Various foods - Most fruits and vegetables contain up to 90 percent water, and many meats and cheeses contain at least 50 percent. 3. Metabolic water - The water produced as an end product of the oxidation of energy-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins. - when the energy-yielding nutrients break down, their carbons and hydrogens combine with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

Answer 24

Water is usually either hard or soft - The hardness or softness of water is determined by the mineral content of both calcium and magnesium: - Hard water - has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium - Soft water - sodium or potassium is the principal mineral - low levels of calcium and magnesium Water losses - The body must excrete a minimum of about 500 milliliters (about 2 cups) of water each day as urine - water is lost from the lungs as vapor - water is lost from the skin as sweat - water is also eliminated in feces - The amount of fluid lost from each source varies, depending on the environment (such as heat or humidity) and physical conditions (such as exercise or fever) - On average, daily losses total about two and half liters Governed by thirst and statiety - they influence water intake, apparently in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hypothalamus, and nerves. - When water intake is inadequate, there is increased plasma osmolarity, the mouth becomes dry, and the hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior - When water intake is excessive, the stomach expands and stretch receptors send signals to stop drinking. - Similar signals are sent from receptors in the heart as volume increases.

Answer 25

Properties -Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. -water is a polar molecule -Water is a good solvent (universal solvent). -Substances that dissolve in water are known as hydrophilic (water- loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water are known as hydrophobic (water-fearing) substances. -All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are dissolved in water. -Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, -The boiling point of water is dependent on the barometric pressure. (on the top of Mt. Everest water boils at 68 °C, compared to 100 °C at sea level.