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NS Preliminary Exam 2 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How are minerals classified?

A

Major and trace minerals (the abundance in the body, not importance)

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2
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

The combined function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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3
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Musculoskeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue. Leads to bone fragility and risk of fracture.

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4
Q

What’s the T score for a normal bone mass? What’s the t score for osteoporosis?

A

-1 and above for normal, less than -2.5 for osteoporosis. in between is low bone mass.

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5
Q

What happens with a magnesium (Mg) deficiency?

A

It impacts the parathyroid hormone as well as vitamin D, which affects calcium absorption in the SI, and can lead to hypocalcemia (low calcium blood levels/intake).

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6
Q

Which minerals do vitamin D affect re SI absorption?

A

Increases calcium and phosphate absorption.

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7
Q

What happens with too much phosphate?

A

Stimulates an increase in fibroblast growth factor, which decreases phosphorous reabsorption in the kidneys (more lost in the urine).

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8
Q

What are the direct and indirect effects of a magnesium deficiency?

A

Direct:

  • increases osteoclasts and lowers osteoblasts
  • increases the size of hydroxyapatite crystals, which decreases bone stiffness

Indirect:

  • increases oxidative stress (maybe because mg is an electron donor)
  • this increases inflammation, and it also again increases osteoclasts and decreases osteoblasts, and this increases bone resorption into the blood
  • also lowers parathyroid activity, which lowers vitamin D activation, which lowers calcium and phosphorous absorption, which lowers bone formation.
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9
Q

Protein good or bad for bones?

A

Overall good: increases IGF-1 (growth factor), which increases osteoblasts and vitamin D activation, which increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorous, but also increases excretion of calcium in urine.

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10
Q

Ways to maintain bone calcium:

A
  • weight bearing exercises (stimulates retaining minerals in bones)
  • increase calcium intake
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11
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis:

A
  • low estrogen/early menopause
  • eating disorders
  • smaller body frame (less pressure on bones and joints)
  • genes/family history of osteoporosis
  • early malnutrition
  • low vitamin D (calcium absorption and availability)
  • certain medications like prednisone
  • intestinal pathology like celiac, inflammatory bowel disease
  • space flight
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12
Q

Functions of phosphate:

A

-used in atp
-cofactor in enzymes
-creatine phosphate, which gives up phosphate for atp when you need a quick energy boost
-used in phospholipids for all membranes (hydrophilic head)
-

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13
Q

Functions of phosphate:

A
  • used in atp
  • cofactor in enzymes
  • creatine phosphate, which gives up phosphate for atp when you need a quick energy boost
  • used in phospholipids for all membranes (hydrophilic head)
  • phospholipid head is charged, so this helps to trap more vitamins like B2 and B6
  • phosphorylation of molecules such as glucose causes the trapping of phosphorylated molecules within cells.
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14
Q

Functions of magnesium:

A
  • makes ATP active
  • stabilizes polyphosphate compounds like the ones that synthesize DNA
  • stabilizes cell membranes with its positive charge (maybe because it’s an antioxidant or something?)
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15
Q

Functions of calcium:

A

-neural and muscle function

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16
Q

What happens with calcium deficiency?

A
  • muscle spasms
  • tetany
  • excitable nerves and muscle tissue
  • chvostek sign (twitching when you tap one side of the face)
  • trousseau sign (more accurate) (hand closes up)
  • chvostek and trousseau sign can happen w low magnesium too b/c this effects how much calcium is absorbed
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17
Q

What happens with excess calcium?

A
  • depressed neural and muscular function

- cardiac arrhythmias (b/c pacemaker cells are dependent on calcium)

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18
Q

What compounds in the diet inhibits bioavailability of calcium?

A

-oxalic acid (spinach, swiss chard) and phytic acid (legumes, seeds, nuts)

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19
Q

Phosphorous, magnesium and calcium: major or trace minerals?

A

major

20
Q

Iron, zinc and iodine: major or trace minerals?

A

trace

21
Q

What is anemia?

A

Less RBCs and less hemoglobin, meaning less oxygen being carried to the body. In 50% of cases, affected by iron, the most common deficiency.

22
Q

What is sports anemia?

A

When intense training leads to increased blood volume, which dilutes amount of RBCs in blood, so does not respond to iron supplementation.

23
Q

Functions of iron:

A
  • needed in hemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygenation of the body
  • used in enzymatic processes, DNA synthesis, and mitochondrial energy generation (it’s one of the electron carriers)
24
Q

How is iron lost?

A

Through sweating, skin shedding, during menstruation.

25
Q

What are the two types of dietary iron? Which is more easily absorbed?

A

Heme (from animals) and non-heme (from plants) iron. Heme iron is more easily absorbed.

26
Q

Describe the process of iron absorption (both types), and turning it into hemoglobin/RBCs and myoglobin.

A
  • Heme iron is easily absorbed by the SI cells.
  • Non-heme iron has two types: ferrous and ferric. Ferrous iron can be absorbed by the lumen but it’s corrosive, so it has to be turned back into ferric iron once absorbed.
  • Exporter protein ferroportin exports iron from the intestinal cell.
  • Carrier protein transferrin carries the iron through the blood into the liver, where it’s stored in a super large iron storage protein in the liver called ferritin (can store up to 3,000 iron atoms).
  • From the liver it goes to the bone marrow to make RBCs: the kidneys make erythropoietin (EPO), which is converted to protoporphyrin. This is also sent to the bone marrow and protoporhyrin combines with iron to form heme.
  • heme can then be incorporated into hemoglobin, which is incorporated into RBCs, which transports oxygen from lungs to other tissues.
  • from the liver it can also go to muscle tissue and be turned into myoglobin.
27
Q

Factors influencing iron absorption:

A
  • Iron stores in the body (indicated by serum Ferritin levels)
  • Inflammation (infections, obesity)
  • dietary:
  • iron absorption enhancers (acidic foods like oranges, b/c ascorbic acid (vit c) prevents formation of insoluble iron compounds like w phytic acid, and it turns ferric iron to ferrous iron, which is more absorbable)
  • iron absorption inhibitors (tannins like in black tea and phytic acid in bran and legumes b/c it binds to iron and makes it insoluble)
  • calcium and iron can compete for absorption
28
Q

What increases iron absorption in the body?

A
  • when transferrin (iron carrier proteins) are not saturated
  • when ferritin (iron storage proteins in liver) are not saturated. this also makes transferrin receptors increase to be able to catch more iron. this is also one indicator of low dietary iron.
29
Q

What are iron stores, circulating iron and erythron iron?

A
  • iron stores: in ferritin proteins in liver
  • circulating iron: attached to transferrin proteins that transport it to the liver from the lumen (and probs from the liver to the bone marrow)
  • erythron iron: iron in RBCs (erythropoietin turns to protoporphyrin which combos with iron to turn to heme in RBCs)
30
Q

tests indicative of iron levels:

A
  • Hemoglobin (amount of hemoglobin per unit of blood)
  • Hematocrit (proportion of RBCs of the total blood volume)
  • serum transferrin receptors (if they’re high, you’re probs low in iron)
  • ferritin iron (if it’s low, you’re starting to get low)
31
Q

What happens with iron when you get the malaria protist?

A

Your body has an inflammatory response, which makes the liver produce hepsidin, which destroys ferroportin, so Fe can’t leave the intestinal cells. Anemia also makes you more resistant to malaria.

32
Q

Ways to enhance iron absorption, and what inhibits absorption?

A
  • increased intake of vitamin C, acids, and meat (makes blood more acidic which increases absorption)
  • phytates (p much same as iron)
33
Q

Benefits of low iron/bad things about high iron:

A
  • reduces parasitic and bacterial infections
  • high iron correlates with lower presence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes and a shit ton of other diseases (b/c iron is highly reactive and can increase oxidative stress)
34
Q

Functions of zinc (and why is it so special???):

A
  • necessary for activation of a lot of enzymes, so it basically does everything
  • activates vitamin A
  • needed for Dna transcription to RNA (zinc finger)
  • needed for growth (bone mineralization and protein synthesis…deficiency disrupts growth factor IGF-1)
  • synthesis and storage of insulin (diabetes control)
  • it’s positively charged, it’s small, and it’s abundant…all this helps i guess
35
Q

absorption, storage and excretion of zinc:

A
  • like iron, intestinal cells act as gatekeepers to control zinc absorption
  • majority of zinc found in muscles and bones
  • unabsorbed zinc lost in feces, hair, sweat
  • urine levels not indicative of blood zinc levels
36
Q

What happens with excess zinc (from environment exposure or too many supplements)?

A

fatigue, lowered immunity, reduction of HDL cholesterol, vomiting, GI pain (for a bunch of different reasons)

37
Q

Function of iodine:

A
  • synthesis of thyroid hormones (stimulated by hypothalamus in brain, produced by thyroid gland)
  • gene expression (like vitamin A and D)
  • regulation of metabolic rate–anabolic and catabolic reactions of macronutrients (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, esterification, etc.)
  • heat regulation and oxygen consumption (affects mitochondrial functions…may aid transport of ADP into mitochondria)
  • brain development, esp in first trimester (congenital iodine deficiency disorder)
38
Q

iodine absorption, storage and excretion:

A
  • absorbed along GI tract
  • majority of iodine found in thyroid gland
  • excreted in kidneys (urine levels can be used to determine iodine levels)
  • transferred to babies in breast milk
39
Q

What affects iodine bioavailability/absoprtion?

A
  • dietary insufficiency (seaweed, fish, iodized salt)
  • ingestion of goitrogens (inhibits uptake of iodine and synthesis of thyroid hormones) (found in cruciferous veggies, cassava and millet) (inactivated by cooking, so nbd)
40
Q

Are potassium, sodium and chloride major minerals or trace minerals? What else are they, and what are their roles collectively?

A

Major minerals. They’re also the major electrolytes. They maintain ionic and osmotic balance (Sodium and chloride dominate in extracellular fluid (net positive charge) and potassium on the inside of cells (net negative charge)).

41
Q

Functions of sodium:

A

-determine osmolarity (concentration of/particles per solution) of blood plasma and extracellular fluid

42
Q

Functions of potassium:

A
  • something about the gradient of K+ ions inside cells keeps nerves and muscles normal
  • too much plasma K+ (hyperkalemia) would lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, which is an emergency
  • too little plasma K+ (hypokalemia) would lead to muscle weakness and low contraction of smooth muscle
43
Q

How/why are sodium, chlorine and potassium excreted?

A
  • sweating, feces, urine especially.
  • Loss of sodium can happen more with exercise, diabetes, and diarrhea.
  • sodium and chloride excreted from intestinal cells in cholera.
  • potassium mostly from feces and urine (not so much sweat)
44
Q

Functions of water:

A
  • necessary for enzymatic reactions in muscles during exercise
  • Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
45
Q

What processes happen in response to hypovolemic thirst (low salt intake)? Hyperosmotic thirst?

A
  • low blood volume means low blood pressure, which is detected by kidneys, since blood moves through kidneys
  • the kidneys produce the hormone renin, which enters the bloodstream
  • renin activates angtiotensinogen to angtiotensin I, then angtiotensin II by ACE (angtiotensin-converting enzyme)
  • this signals to brain to make you thirsty, you drink water and blood volume is back to normal

-hyperosmotic thirst: hypthalamus have osmoreceptors that make you thirsty, triggers anti-diuretic hormone, increases reabsorption of water and sodium and chloride ions in kidneys

46
Q

Reason and consequences of high blood pressure, and what doctors prescribe to stop it:

A
  • hypovolemic thirst which activates angtiotensin II to make you thirsty to raise blood volume. this hormone also raises blood pressure through vasoconstriction
  • high blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular disease and death, and it can cause problems with small capillaries like kidneys and eyes
  • ACE inhibitors and angtiotensin II receptor blockers to stop vasoconstriction, and diuretics to prevent reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys to maintain blood pressure
47
Q

How to reduce blood pressure/hypertension naturally:

A
  • reduce salt intake
  • lose weight (less pressure needed to carry blood around your body)
  • stress reduction
  • increase fruits and veggies (increase potassium)

NS Preliminary Exam 2 (4 decks)

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