Mineralogy and Atoms Flashcards
Elements that won’t bond have how many ions?
4 or 8
Ions
Atoms that have lost or gained electrons
Ionic Bonds
Elements that are ions that are held together by opposite charge.
What traits does a mineral need to have to be considered a mineral?
-Must exist as a solid on earth
-Must have a definite chemical composition
-Must have a natural crystal shape
-Must occur in nature
-Must be inorganic (Not alive/made by anything that was alive)
Solution
One substance dissolved into another.
Solvent
What does the dissolving
(Ex. water, magma)
Solute
What is dissolved
(Ex. sugar, alum)
Where does the solute go when it is dissolved?
In the empty space between the molecules.
What does water do a solute?
It pulls the solute apart until it is so tiny that it can fit in the empty spaces between the water molecules.
Unsaturated
There is still empty space available in the solvent.
Saturated
All of the empty spaces in the solvent are filled.
Supersaturated
More solute dissolved than the solvent can hold at room temperature.
What determines crystal shape?
The molecule structure
What elements are primordial?
Hydrogen and Helium
(H and He)
What elements are in a red giant star?
Hydrogen, Helium to Neon, skip counting by two
(He, Be, C, O, Ne)
What elements are in a supergiant star?
Hydrogen, Helium to Iron, skip counting by two
(He, Be, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe )
What elements are made in a supernova?
Elements 3-92, but not the elements made in the core of a star.
What elements are manmade?
93-118
What is atomic mass?
The total number (average) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The number of neutrons can vary, but the number of protons cannot.
What is in an atom?
Protons (+), Neutrons (0), and Electrons (-)
What is in an atom’s nucleus?
Protons and neutrons.
What orbits an atom’s nucleus?
Electrons
What is the atomic number?
Number of protons in the nucleus (also the number of electrons if it is neutrally charged).
If an atom was negatively charged, what would it have more of?
Electrons
If an atom was negatively charged, what would it have less of?
Protons
If an atom was positively charged, what would it have more of?
Protons
If an atom was positively charged, what would it have less of?
Electrons
What does row on the periodic table tell you?
How many valence orbits an atom has.
What does column on the periodic table tell you?
How many electrons are in the valence orbit.
How many electrons can be in each orbit of an atom’s nucleus?
- 2
- 8
- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2
How many orbits can an atom have?
7
Mixture
No bond, they can be mixed together and separated.
Molecule
2 of the same element bonded together.
Compound
Different elements bonded together.
Valence Orbit
The outermost orbit being filled for that element.
Valence Electrons
The number of electrons in the valence orbit.
What is nucleation?
An object that something coming out of a solution can grab onto (Ex. seed crystal).
What are the three ways for rocks to form in nature?
-Igneous (cooling magma)
-Sedimentary (layers of sediment pressed together)
-Metamorphic (heat and pressure)
What are the three ways a crystal can form?
-Precipitation from a solution
-Solidification of a melt
-Solid state diffusion
Precipitation from a solution
Minerals being squeezed out of a supersaturated solution as it cools.
Solidification of a melt
Minerals liquefy and then cool and solidify.
Solid state diffusion
Under intense heat and pressure minerals break their bonds and rearrange to form a new mineral.
What 5 characteristics are used to classify individual minerals?
Color, luster, Moh’s hardness scale, cleavage/fracture and streak.
