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Geoscience 09 > Mineralogy and Atoms > Flashcards

Mineralogy and Atoms Flashcards

1
Q

Elements that won’t bond have how many ions?

A

4 or 8

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2
Q

Ions

A

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons

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3
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Elements that are ions that are held together by opposite charge.

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4
Q

What traits does a mineral need to have to be considered a mineral?

A

-Must exist as a solid on earth
-Must have a definite chemical composition
-Must have a natural crystal shape
-Must occur in nature
-Must be inorganic (Not alive/made by anything that was alive)

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5
Q

Solution

A

One substance dissolved into another.

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6
Q

Solvent

A

What does the dissolving
(Ex. water, magma)

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7
Q

Solute

A

What is dissolved
(Ex. sugar, alum)

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8
Q

Where does the solute go when it is dissolved?

A

In the empty space between the molecules.

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9
Q

What does water do a solute?

A

It pulls the solute apart until it is so tiny that it can fit in the empty spaces between the water molecules.

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10
Q

Unsaturated

A

There is still empty space available in the solvent.

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11
Q

Saturated

A

All of the empty spaces in the solvent are filled.

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12
Q

Supersaturated

A

More solute dissolved than the solvent can hold at room temperature.

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13
Q

What determines crystal shape?

A

The molecule structure

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14
Q

What elements are primordial?

A

Hydrogen and Helium
(H and He)

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15
Q

What elements are in a red giant star?

A

Hydrogen, Helium to Neon, skip counting by two
(He, Be, C, O, Ne)

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16
Q

What elements are in a supergiant star?

A

Hydrogen, Helium to Iron, skip counting by two
(He, Be, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe )

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17
Q

What elements are made in a supernova?

A

Elements 3-92, but not the elements made in the core of a star.

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18
Q

What elements are manmade?

A

93-118

19
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

The total number (average) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The number of neutrons can vary, but the number of protons cannot.

20
Q

What is in an atom?

A

Protons (+), Neutrons (0), and Electrons (-)

21
Q

What is in an atom’s nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons.

22
Q

What orbits an atom’s nucleus?

A

Electrons

23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus (also the number of electrons if it is neutrally charged).

24
Q

If an atom was negatively charged, what would it have more of?

A

Electrons

25
Q

If an atom was negatively charged, what would it have less of?

A

Protons

26
Q

If an atom was positively charged, what would it have more of?

A

Protons

27
Q

If an atom was positively charged, what would it have less of?

A

Electrons

28
Q

What does row on the periodic table tell you?

A

How many valence orbits an atom has.

29
Q

What does column on the periodic table tell you?

A

How many electrons are in the valence orbit.

30
Q

How many electrons can be in each orbit of an atom’s nucleus?

A
  1. 2
  2. 8
  3. 18
  4. 32
  5. 32
  6. 18
  7. 2
31
Q

How many orbits can an atom have?

A

7

32
Q

Mixture

A

No bond, they can be mixed together and separated.

33
Q

Molecule

A

2 of the same element bonded together.

34
Q

Compound

A

Different elements bonded together.

35
Q

Valence Orbit

A

The outermost orbit being filled for that element.

36
Q

Valence Electrons

A

The number of electrons in the valence orbit.

37
Q

What is nucleation?

A

An object that something coming out of a solution can grab onto (Ex. seed crystal).

38
Q

What are the three ways for rocks to form in nature?

A

-Igneous (cooling magma)
-Sedimentary (layers of sediment pressed together)
-Metamorphic (heat and pressure)

39
Q

What are the three ways a crystal can form?

A

-Precipitation from a solution
-Solidification of a melt
-Solid state diffusion

40
Q

Precipitation from a solution

A

Minerals being squeezed out of a supersaturated solution as it cools.

41
Q

Solidification of a melt

A

Minerals liquefy and then cool and solidify.

42
Q

Solid state diffusion

A

Under intense heat and pressure minerals break their bonds and rearrange to form a new mineral.

43
Q

What 5 characteristics are used to classify individual minerals?

A

Color, luster, Moh’s hardness scale, cleavage/fracture and streak.

Geoscience 09 (5 decks)

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