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Chemical Pathology > Mineral Metabolism - Na & K > Flashcards

Mineral Metabolism - Na & K Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolality

A

Concentration of solution

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2
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of solutes - urea, Na, glucose.

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3
Q

Osmolal gap (OG)

A

Osmolality-Osmolarity

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4
Q

Why does OS increase

A
  • DKA, lactic acidosis, renal failure
  • Ethanol
  • Pseudohyonatraemia
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5
Q

SIADH causes

A

CNS - encepalitis, meningitis
Pulmonary - TB, pneumonia
Carcinoma - bronchi, GI, pancreas, bladder

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6
Q

Diagnostics of SIADH

A
  • Euvolemic hyponatraemia

- no diuretics

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7
Q

Causes of hypertonic hyponatraemia

A

Poorly controlled DM
Insulin resistance
Mannitol

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8
Q

Isotonic hyponatraemia

A

Increase in OG

  • Osmolality normal
  • Osmolarity increased due to proteins or lipids
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9
Q

Hypotonic hyponatraemia

A

Inability to suppress ADH secretion

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10
Q

Causes and treatment of hypervolemic hyponatraemia

A

Causes: Osmotic diuresis
Diuretics
Addison’s disease
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

Diarrhoea, skin losses

Treatment: rehydration

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11
Q

Causes and treatment of euvolemic hyponatraemia

A 
Causes: Hypothyroidism
Cortisol deficiency
Psychogenic polydipsia
SIADH
Drugs stimulating ADH secretion

Treatment: Hormone replacements
Fluid restrictions
Vaptans

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12
Q

Causes and treatment of hypovolemic hyponatraemia

A

Causes: Oedematous conditions
Increased circulation volume = increased ADH and aldosterone

Treatment: Water restrictions
Diuretics

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13
Q

Causes and treatment of hypervolemic hypernatremia

A

Causes: Over[]milkformula
Ingestion of sea water
Iatrogenic

Treatment: Diuretics

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14
Q

Causes and treatment of euvolemic hypernatremia

A

Causes: Diabetes insipidus
Insensible losses

Treatment: Water and dextrose

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15
Q

Causes and treatment of hypovolemic hypernatremia

A

Causes: Renal and extrarenal losses
Treatment: Salt

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16
Q

K regulate

A

Neuromuscular excitability
Skeletal and cardiac contraction
ICF volume

17
Q

Factors affecting plasma K

A
  1. pH
  2. Insulin
  3. Drugs
18
Q

K and acidosis

A

K moves out of cell =decrease in excretion (hypokalaemia)

19
Q

K and alkalosis

A

K moves into cell = increase in excretion

20
Q

Causes of hypokalaemia

A

Deficit TBK

Increased losses

21
Q

Pathogenesis of hypokalaemia

A

GI
Drugs
Intracellular shift (insulin, metabolic acidosis)
Renal losses

22
Q

Normal urinary K hypokalaemia

A

Extrarenal losses

Decreased ingestion

23
Q

Increased urinary K and HT hypokalemia

A

Aldosterone-secreting tumours

24
Q

Increased urinary K and normal BP hypokalemia

A

Diuretics abuse with hypomagnesemia

25
Q

Causes of hyperkalaemia

A

Excess TBK
Abnormal K out of cells
Impaired K excretion

26
Q

Pathogenesis of hyperkalaemia

A

Diminished renal K excretion
Drugs
Transcellular K movement out of cell
Hyporeninemic aldosteronism

Chemical Pathology (2 decks)

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