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Minerology 200 > Mineral list 3-4 > Flashcards

Mineral list 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Calcite

A

CaCO3

Cleavage 78 and 102 (60 & 120?)
Rhombohedral
Luster – Vitreous to earthy
Color – white to colorless but may be tinted
Hardness – 3.0

Occur as cave deposits from water carrying CaCO3
Main mineral in marble
Vein in mineral hot spring

Manufacture of cements and lime for mortars

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2
Q

Magnesite

A

MgCO3

3.5-5 Hardness
Color – light yellow to brown to grey to chalky white
Lighter gray than anhydrite
Luster – vitreous
Fracture – conchoidal to sub conchoidal

Commonly occurs in veins and irregular masses derived from the alteration of Mg-rich metamorphic and igneous rocks

Dead burned Magnesite – burned to less than 1.5% - used to make bricks for furnace linings

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3
Q

Siderite

A

FeCO3

3.5-4 hardness
Color – light to dark brown to copper brown to dark red
Luster – vitreous
Streak – white
Fracture – uneven/conchoidal

Frequently found as clay iron-stone, impure by admixture with clay materials
Black-band or it is found, contaminated by carbonaceous material

Ore of iron

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4
Q

Rhodochrosite

A

MnCO3

3.5-4 Hardness
Color – rose red to pink to brown
Luster – vitreous
Streak – white
Fracture – uneven/conchoidal
Cleavage – possible rhombohedral (60 and 120)

In hydrothermal veins with ores of silver, lead, and copper, and with other manganese minerals

Minor ore of manganese

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5
Q

Smithsonite

A

ZnCO3

Color – brown to gray
Luster – dull
Vitreous to waxy
Weathered texture – darker than stilbite

Occurs as a secondary mineral in the weathering or oxidation zone of zinc-bearing ore deposits

Ore of Zinc – minor use for ornamental purposes

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6
Q

Dolomite

A

MgCa(CO3)2

3.5-4 hardness
Luster – vitreous to pearly in some varieties
Color – pink to white to flesh to gray to light yellow
Fracture – conchoidal

Thought to be secondary in origin, formed from ordinary limestone by the replacement of some of the Ca by Mg

Building and ornamental stone
For manufacture of certain cements

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7
Q

Aragonite

A

CaCO3

3.5-4 hardness
Color – white to yellow to colorless
Luster – vitreous
Fracture – sub conchoidal
Harder and heavier than calcite

Much less stable than calcite
Precipitated from water
Carbonated waters containing calcium more often deposit aragonite when they are warm and calcite when they are cold

Essential for the replication of reef conditions
Provide materials for sea life and keeps pH steady

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8
Q

Witherite

A

BaCO3

Orthorhombic
Hardness 3.5-4
Luster – vitreous to resinous on fractures
Color – white to gray to colorless
High specific gravity (higher than quartz and calcite)
Fracture – subconchoidal
No cleavage (vs calcite)

Most frequently found in veins associated with galena

Minor source of barium

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9
Q

Strontianite

A

SrCO3

3.5-4 hardness
Vitreous luster
Streak – white
Fracture – uneven
Color – white, grey

Low-temperature hydrothermal mineral associated with barite, celestite, and calcite in veins in limestone or marl

Source of strontium

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10
Q

Malachite

A

Cu2CO3(OH)2

3.5 - 4 hardness
Luster – vitreous to adamantine in crystals – silky to earthy in rocks
Color – Bright green
Streak – pale green
No pronounced blue like Azurite

Usually occurs in copper deposits associated with limestone
Supergene copper mineral found in the oxidized portions of copper veins

Minor ore of copper
Used extensively as ornament or gem mineral

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11
Q

Azurite

A

Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2

3.5-4.0 hardness
Color – intense azure blue
Luster – Vitreous
Streak – light blue

Usually occurs in copper deposits associated with limestone
Supergene copper mineral found in the oxidized portions of copper veins

Minor ore of copper

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12
Q

Barite

A

BaSO4

3-3.5 hardness
Color – white to light shades of blue or yellow – brown on fracture
Luster – vitreous
Higher specific gravity
Streak – white

Found in veins in limestone with calcite
Deposited occasionally as sinter from hot springs

Primary source of Ba for chemicals
Used in oil and gas as an additive to make heavy mud to support drill rods and prevent blowouts

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13
Q

Celestite

A

SrSO4

3-.3.5 hardness
Color – white to grey, often faintly blue or red
Luster – adamantine to vitreous to pearly
Crystals appear gray-blue with adamantine luster
More blocky crystals than barite

Found disseminated through limestone or sandstone
Found as a gangue mineral in lead veins

In the preparation of strontium nitrate for fireworks

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14
Q

Anglesite

A

PbSO4

3.0 hardness
Conchoidal fracture
High specific gravity
Luster – adamantine on crystals – dull when massive
Small pieces
Color – grey to brown to pale shades of yellow – dark grey from impurities

Supergene mineral in oxidized parts of lead deposits
Formed through oxidation of galena

Minor ore of lead

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15
Q

Anhydrite

A

CaSO4

3-3.5 hardness
Luster – vitreous to pearly on fracture
Color – Grey to bluish
3 planes of cleavage at 90 degrees
Harder than gypsum

Found in beds associated with salt deposits in the cap rock of salt domes, and in limestones

In plaster or cement as drying agent
Soil conditioner

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16
Q

Gypsum

A

CaSO4 . 2H2O

Brittle
2 hardness
Laminated
Fibrous fracture
Conchoidal surface
Luster – vitreous to pearly to silky
Color – colorless to white to grey to yellow
3 unequal cleavages

Precipitates first from salt waters
From alteration of anhydrite

Used to make gypsumboard or wallboard
Used to make plaster

17
Q

Scheelite

A

CaWO4

Dipyramid crystals
4.5 hardness
High specific gravity
Luster – vitreous to adamantine
Color – green to grey to brown to white

Found in granite pegmatites
High temp hydrothermal veins associated with granites

Ore of tungsten

18
Q

Wulfenite

A

PbMoO4

3.0 hardness
High specific gravity
Luster – vitreous to adamantine
Color – yellow, orange, grey, red white
Streak – white
Square tabular crystals (small)

Found in oxidized portions of lead veins with other secondary lead minerals

Minor source of molybdenum

19
Q

Erythrite

A

Co3(AsO4)2 . 8H2O

1.5-2.5 hardness
Luster – adamantine to vitreous – pearly on fracture
Color – crimson to pink – distinguishing factor – to gray
Darker color rock than rhodochrosite

In pink crusts known as cobalt bloom - it occurs as an alteration product of cobalt arsenide’s

Used as guide for other cobalt minerals and silver

20
Q

Apatite

A

Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH)

5 hardness
Luster – vitreous to sub resinous
Color – some shade of green or brown sometimes blue, violet
Collophane – massive crystalline apatite
Pyramidal terminations of crystals
Conchoidal fracture

Found in titaniferous magnetite bodies

Used for the phosphate in fertilizer – less in modern time
Occasionally used for gems but too soft

21
Q

Vanadinite

A

Pb5(VO4)3Cl

3.0 Hardness
High specific gravity
Luster – resinous to adamantine – high luster
Color – ruby red, orange red to brown or yellow – small dark copper-colored crystals
Streak – brownish yellow

Rare secondary minerals found in the oxidized portion of lead veins associated with other secondary lead minerals.

Source of Vanadium and minor ore of lead

22
Q

Quartz

A

SiO2

7.0 hardness
Conchoidal fracture
Colorless or white but usually but frequently colored by impurities
Piezio and pyroelectricity
Luster – glassy

Present in many igneous and metamorphic rocks
Major constituent of granite pegmatites
Gangue mineral in hydrothermal veins – sometimes the only mineral in them

Gemstones
Concrete as an abrasive
Made into lenses and prisms for optical instruments
Used in watches under piezoelectricity

23
Q

Cristobalite

A

SiO2

6.5 hardness
Luster – vitreous
Color – brown and black – colorless
Conchoidal fracture
Microcrystalline texture

Present in siliceous volcanic rock as lining of cavities and groundmass
Result of devitrification of volcanic glass like obsidian

Used in making water glass
Gems, abrasives and refractories

24
Q

Opal

A

SiO2 . nH2O

5-6 hardness 
Fracture – conchoidal 
Luster – vitreous  
Color – white, colorless, pale shades of yellow – often has a milky “opalescent”” effect 

May be deposited by hot springs at shallow depth by meteoric waters 
Deposited by low temp hypogene solutions 

As a gem 

25
Q

Orthoclase 

A

KAlSi3O8

Physical properties 
6.0 hardness 
Luster – vitreous 
Color – colorless to white, gray, flesh-red, rarely yellow or green 
Streak – white 
Most analyses contain small amounts of Na 
Right angle cleavage – 90 degrees 
Lack of striations 

Major constituent of granites, granodiorites and syenites – cooled at moderate depth at fast rates – more slowly cooled = K-feldspar

Microcline transforms to orthoclase at higher temperatures

26
Q

Microcline

A

KAlSi3O8

Color – Pink to pale red
2 planes of perfect cleavage
6.0 hardness
Vitreous luster

27
Q

Amazonite

A

KAlSi3O8

Green microcline/orthoclase
Color green with red brown veins/striations
6-6.5 hardness
Vitreous luster
2 directions of cleavage at 90

28
Q

Anorthoclase

A

(Na,K)AlSi3O8

Color – grey to black to brown to green
6-6.5 hardness
Luster – vitreous
Fracture – uneven
Brittle

29
Q

Plagioclase (Albite)

A

NaAlSi3O8

Hardness 6 
Luster vitreous to pearly 
Beautiful play of colors 
Color -  white to lead gray
Twin striations 
Lighter than anorthite 

30
Q

Plagioclase (Anorthite)

A

CaAl2Si2O8

Hardness 6 
Luster vitreous to pearly 
Beautiful play of colors 
Colors -  Iron black

Occurs at elevated temperatures 

31
Q

Sodalite

A

Na2(AlSi4O6Cl2)

5.5-6 hardness 
Luster – vitreous 
Color – blue to white to gray to green  

Rock forming mineral associated with nepheline and cancrinite  
Found in transparent crystals in the volcanic rocks of Mount Vesuvius

May be carved as an ornamental material   

32
Q

Analcite (analcime)

A

NaAlSi2O6 ·H2O

Vitreous to dull luster
Gray to white to red color
5-5.5 hardness

33
Q

Nepheline

A

(Na,K)AlSiO4 

5.5 - 6 hardness 
Luster – vitreous to waxy to greasy 
Color – white or yellowish – in mass variety: grey, greenish and reddish  
Distinguished from quartz by its lack of conchoidal fracture and greasy luster 
Distinguished from albite by lack of striations

Minerology 200 (3 decks)

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