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APSC 202 > Mindterm > Flashcards

Mindterm Flashcards

1
Q

a physical property of a metal.

A

Physical properties can be seen, touched or measured

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2
Q

Carbon steel is an alloy made from

A

carbon and iron

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3
Q

a mechanical property of a metal.

A

Mechanical properties relate to the way a metal reacts under load

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4
Q

properties best determines a control valve’s resistance to abrasion from the fluid being regulated?

A

hardness

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5
Q

If erosion is a mechanical degradation of metal, a chemical degradation is best described as

A

Corrosion

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6
Q

What is the name of a destructive test for metals that uses a V notch and pendulum

A

Charpy Impact Test

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7
Q

what kind of test procedure?

A

Stress- Strain

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8
Q

A bending test measures

A

Ductility

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9
Q

When molecules of a sample adhere to the surface of a whetted material the effect is called

A

Adsorption

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10
Q

Non- ferrous is a term to define a metal does not contain

A

Iron

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11
Q

Polymers are also known as

A

Plastics

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12
Q

Two Physical properties of ceramics that make them beneficial for use in instrumentation applications.

A

Good wear resistance
Ability to withstand high temperatures
Good electrical insulators
High Resistance to Corrosion

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13
Q

Glass is a type of Ceramic

A

True

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14
Q

Gaskets & O-rings are examples of

A

Amorphous Polymers

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15
Q

Within Instrumentation a Wetted Material is :

A

Any material in direct contact with the process fluid

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16
Q

The most likely material to line a high temperature refractory (furnace chamber)

A

Ceramic Brick

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17
Q

Electropolishing is a popular surface treatment to mitigate the effect of

A

Liquid Absorption

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18
Q

An Amorphous Polymer is very rigid in nature

A

False

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19
Q

In a Redox reaction , reduction is define as:

A

Gaining of electrons

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20
Q

Oxidizing Agents promote

A

Oxidation

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21
Q

The following equation represents oxidation: Fe - 2e= Fe2+

A

True

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22
Q

Not True of a redox reaction

A

the reducing agent gain electrons

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23
Q

corrosion involves

A

Oxidation & Reduction

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24
Q

Three Conditions that must exist for Galvanic Corrosion to occur

A
  1. -Dissimilar Materials having different surface potentially
  2. -Materials have to be immersed in a common Electrolyte
    • A conducting Path to Connect the materials electrically
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25
Q

Two factor that determines the rate of galvanic corrosion:

A
  1. -The potential difference between the materials
    • The nature of their environment
  3. -The polarization behavior of the materials
    • The distance between the dissimilar materials
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26
Q

In a Redox Reduction , the substance reduced ….

A

Always Gain Electrons

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27
Q

Within a Redox Reduction “The cathode” will :

A

Receive electrons

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28
Q

How does the presence of moisture contribute to the redox reduction

A

Acts as an Electrolyte

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29
Q

The formation of Sulfuric Acid on a Metalic Surface requires two components

A

H2O and SO3

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30
Q

Sulfuric Acid formation results in corrosion and is a common problem with which of the industrial application listed?

A

Continuous Emission monitoring

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31
Q

Stray Current Corrosion DIFFERS form Galvanic Corrosion in that it requires an:

A

External Power Source

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32
Q

“Caustic Embrittlement” is a form of which type of corrosion?

A

Stress Corrosion Cracking

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33
Q

Name three method of corrosion control/prevention

A
    • Corrosion Inhibitors
    • Cathodic Protection Systems
  3. -Coatings
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34
Q

Name the three forms in which Hydrogen induced Corrosion Can Occur

A
    • Hydrogen Blistering
    • Hydrogen Embrittlement
    • Hydrogen Stress Cracking
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35
Q

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for Sulphide Stress Cracking

A

High Fluid Temperature

High Fluid Temperature

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36
Q

The pH of the process fluid is useful in evaluating corrosion risk

A

TRUE

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37
Q

Measuring and Controlling the amount of Dissolved Oxygen in Boiler Feedwater is Important in the prevention of

A

Pitting

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38
Q

The “Waterside” Corrosion rate in a boiler is minimized when the pH is maintained near

A

11

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39
Q

Specular Reflection

A

Light bouncing off a smooth surface

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40
Q

The radio of the speed of Light in a Vacuum to the speed of Light in a medium is known as the INDEX of

A

REFRACTION

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41
Q

The speed of Light in a particular type of Glass is measured to be 6.25 x 107m/s
What is the Index of Refraction of this Glass?

A

n= c/v
n= 3.0x10^8/(6.25x10^7)
n=4.8

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42
Q

X-ray Radiation is associated with which type of interaction with matter?

A

Electronic Transitions

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43
Q

A reflected ray of light leaves a plain mirror’s surface at an angle of 60’ relative to the normal. The angle of incidence is:

A

60’ relative to the normal

44
Q

When Ignited, a Uranium Compound burns with a green flame. The Wavelength of the light given off by this flame is greater than of:

A

Ultraviolet Light

45
Q

Briefly explain your choice of answer to the above question

A

Because Ultraviolet light’s wavelength is lesser than all the rest common waves its wave length is compare such as a virus. Also the green flame (spectrum green) wavelength its less than radio waves, rd and infrared light

46
Q

Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength

A

Radio Waves

47
Q

Which of the following frequencies correspond to light with the longest wavelength ?

A

smallest frequency -> longest wavelength

4.12 E5

48
Q

Wavelength
speed of light
hertz

A

λ
c
v

49
Q

What is the wavelength of a photon of red light (in nm) whose frequency is 4.55e14Hz

A

λ=(3e8m/s)/4.55E14 Hz

λ= 659 nm

50
Q

The SI unit for frequency is cycles per second

A

FALSE, The TRUE (s-1)

51
Q

Green light can have a wavelength of 543 nm. The energy of a photon of this light is

A 
h = Planck's constant 6.626 e-34 J/Hz
c= λv
3e8(m/s)/543nm = v
Energy = 6.626 e-34 J/Hz * (3e8/543nm)
E= 3.66 e-19J
52
Q

Shortest Wavelength , greatest energy , and highest frequency

A

Ultraviolet Radiation

53
Q

Which group of electromagnetic radiation listed is arranged in order of decreasing frequency

A

ultraviolet, visible , infrared

54
Q

Which grou of electromagnetic radiation listed is arranged in order of decreasing energy

A

x-ray, visible, infrared

55
Q

Electromagnetic energy is directly proportional to wavelength

A

FALSE

56
Q

Radio (3)
Infrared (1)
Visible light (4)
Ultraviolet (2)

A

1 m to 10 m
700 nm to 1,000,000 nm
400 nm to 700 nm
10 nm to 400 nm

57
Q

Electrons traveling into higher energy levels or shells release energy; while those dropping to lower energy level will require energy

A

False

58
Q

Electrons moving into lower energy levels will release energy in the form of photons

A

TRUE

59
Q

which of the following is a result of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region with molecules

A

Molecular Vibration

60
Q

Using the relationship between energy and frequency , explain how radio waves are not harmful to humans whiles gamma rays from a nuclear explosion are very harmful . Support your answer with an example calculation.

A

Radio Waves 1020
3e8/e3=frequency -> lowest frequency
Gamma Waves10
3e8/e-12= Highest Frequency
Means a lot of cycles of rays per second means a highest Energy or electron Volts in order of e20 Joules ,that can penetrate skin , paper etc can damage organs etc
Gamma will have frequency in order of e20 Hz the .
It can penetrate skin, wood, paper and other matter. They can cause severe damage to organs if ingested, inhaled or absorbed.

61
Q

Diffuse reflection

A

disorder

62
Q

A stick partially immersed in water appears bent as it enters the surface. What light property explains this?

A

Refraction

63
Q

Interference patterns are the results of

A

Diffraction of Light

64
Q

Two water waves collide with each other . The result is a flat region with virtually no waves . Example of

A

Destructive Interference `

65
Q

Consider a beam of light passing through a cylinder with windows at both ends. The cylinder is filled with an unknown gas. Briefly explain the principle of light/matter interaction commonly used to identify the component and quantify its concentration. Support your answer by referencing the proven scientific law.

A

When a given sample is put in a sample cell whose length doesn’t change
and the sample is bombarded with radiation of the correct wavelength to achieve absorption. THE amount of absorption will be determined by the sample ‘s concentration.

66
Q

The term photon is associated with the particle nature of light . what effect is commonly used to support the existence of photons

A

Photoelectric Effect

67
Q

Heating a filament and causing it to glow is an example of generating via:

A

Incandescence

68
Q

Glass has an index of refraction of 1.53, while quartz and diamond are 1.46 and 2.42 respectively. Ignoring cost, what material would you choose to make a sample cell window from that allows for best transmittance of light? Refraction Properties

A

IT s better the glass because the bending of light or changing direction will be less than the other as a result, The transmission of light (transmittance) will not change a lot and it will not change the analyzed signal.

69
Q

The greenhouse gas effect is essential for life under the right conditions. Using the interaction of light and matter properties discussed in Module 4, explain:
A - How energy released from the earth’s surface is absorbed in the atmosphere.
B - Why the sun’s energy isn’t simply absorbed in the atmosphere high above the earth.

A

A: energy released from the surface and its absorbed in the atmosphere because the atoms are far apart in the atmosphere (gas) THE the light energy is absorbed by individual atoms .
BEcause has to be a acompensation of the abserbed energy of the earth , atmotphere from the sun to the reflectedby atmosphere , and earth and clouds. etc.

70
Q

By definition, inorganic compounds do not contain the element:

A

Carbon

71
Q 
Methane Natural gas CH4
Ethane Natural gas
Pentane - C5H12 Condensate
 Hexane - C6H14
Heptane - C7H1
A

Propane C3H8 LPG
Iso-Butane C4H10 LPG
Butane C4H10 LPG

72
Q

Hydrocarbons contain atoms of:

A

Hydrogen and Carbon

73
Q

Alkynes

A

Acetylene is a common name for the hydrocarbon class called:

74
Q

To which class of hydrocarbons does benzene belong?

A

Aromatic

75
Q

The chemical name for the hydrocarbon alkane C3H8 is:

A

Propane

76
Q

Something that occupies space and has mass is called:

A

Matter

77
Q

BTEX is an acronym for:

A

Benzene, Toluene, ethylbenzen and xylenes

78
Q

Alkanes : Common Fuel

A

Paraffins

79
Q

The process vessel in a refinery that is the heart of the distillation process is the

A

Fractionation tower

80
Q

Name the straight chain alkane that contains eight carbon atoms.

A

Octane

81
Q

Methane

A

Natural Gas

82
Q

Propane

A

LPG

83
Q

Pentane:

A

Condensate

84
Q

Many hydrocarbons do not mix with water. This exhibits they are:

A

) Insoluble in water

85
Q

Hydrocarbons with increasingly lower molecular weights will have boiling points that are:

A

1) Increasingly lower

86
Q

Vapour pressure measurement is a good indicator of a hydrocarbon’s

A

Volatility

87
Q

List two elements that are commonly bonded to carbon in naturally occurring organic compounds.

A

Oxigen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen

88
Q

The term to describe the end product of a light hydrocarbon forming with free water in a pipeline operating at high pressure is:

A

Hydrate

89
Q

Name the two basic operations that all refineries use to refine raw product.

A

destillation

Separation

90
Q

Distillation is a hydrocarbon separation process based primarily on:

A

Hydrocarbon boiling point

91
Q

Identify two advantages of lowering the sample pressure at or near the sample tap.

A

Reduce reponse time
Lower Sample dew point
Safer handling of sample

92
Q

When sampling a gas from a horizontal process pipe, the sample tap orientation is best located:

A

Top dead centre of the process pipe

93
Q

A common method of reducing sample system lag time is to:

A

Include a fast loop

94
Q

Which of the following is not a consideration when designing a sample system?

A

The sample is at a temperature that matches the process

95
Q

What precautions are used to ensure any type of gas analyzer works accurately?

A

Sample flow rates, temperature and pressures must remain constant

96
Q

The time taken to transport the sample from the process to the analyzer is defined as:

A

System lag time

97
Q

A sample system design requirement to meet -40°C is found in what part of a project specification?

A

Ambient Conditions

98
Q

Knowing the electrical area class rating for an analyzer meets which sample system design criterion listed below?

A

Safety

99
Q

The simplest type of sample extraction device is a:

A

Sample Tap

100
Q

Process lag time is minimized when the:

A

diamter of the sample tap is as small as practical

101
Q

When a sample is extracted from a process, it is essential for it to reach the analyzer with temperature and pressure values identical to the process.

A

False

102
Q

What type of sampling technique is commonly applied to two-phase samples?

A

Isokinetic

103
Q

Small droplets coming together to form a large droplet is an example of:

A

Coalescing

104
Q

A filter that consists of a stack of wheel-shaped metal discs separated by thin spacers is best described as:

A

Edge filter

105
Q

Which of the following analyzers requires the finest filtration with regards to particle size?

A

Gas Chromatograph

APSC 202 (1 decks)

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