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PSYC1020 > minds, brain and behaviour > Flashcards

minds, brain and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Inferior to lateral sulcus
  • primary auditory cortex
  • language comprehension
  • medial temporal lobe
    ~ amygdala (fear and arousal)
    ~ hippocampus (learning and memory)
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2
Q

Central Sulcus

A
  • separates frontal and parietal lobes

- deep groove

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3
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • anterior
  • executive functions e.g. reasoning planning, problem solving, inhibitory control, working memory
  • motor functions
  • speech production (broca’s area)
  • emotion (insula cortex)
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4
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A
  • separates temporal and parietal lobes
  • large deep groove
  • present in both hemispheres
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5
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • posterior to central sulcus
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • sense of space & locations
  • spacial attention
  • linking vision to action
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6
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • posterior and inferior
  • primary visual cortex
  • higher visual areas
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7
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • neuron connections between left and right hemispheres

- allows communication between hemispheres

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8
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • outermost surface layer of cerebrum
  • grey matter
  • primary visual cortex
  • primary somatosensory, auditory, and motor cortex
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9
Q

Habituation/Sensitisation

A

Habituation:
- respond less strongly to repeated stimuli over time
Sensitisation:
- respond more strongly (or similarly) to repeated stimuli over time

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10
Q

3 Processes for Memory

A

Encoding: transform memory stimulus into a form that can be placed in memory

Storage: effectively retaining information for later use

Retrieval: locating item and using it

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11
Q

Memory Structures

A

1) Sensory Register
- storage system that registers and briefly holds info from senses
- iconic memory: related to visual system, <0.5 sec, 9-10 times
- echoic memory: relates to auditory system, 2 sec, 5 times

2) Short Term Memory
- intermediate storage system that briefly holds info prior to consolidation
- 30 sec duration

3) Long Term Memory
- large capacity
- long duration
- different types

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12
Q

Free Recall (things that affect long term memory)

A

Primary effect: memory best for things learned first

Recency effect: memory also good for things learned last (STM can contribute)

Context: memory is better when in the context you learned material in

Internal State: memory better when internal state is same as time of learning

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13
Q

Memory Abstraction

A

Bransford - 1971

Cognitive process by which we encode and store essential meaning of message but not exact details of learning event

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14
Q

Schema Memory

A

Bartlett- 1932

Set of ideas about objects and events associated with a familiar activity

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15
Q

Semantic and Episodic Memory

A

Long term memory

Episodic = memory for specific events

Semantic = general knowloege

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16
Q

Procedural vs Declarative

A

Long term memory

Procedural = without awareness of remembering (implicit)

Declarative = conscious recollection (explicit)

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17
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

language lateralised in left hemisphere for most
(95% right handed, 70% left handed)

  • language comprehension
  • speech
  • reading
  • speech production
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18
Q

Language and Hemispheres

A

Language lateralised in left for most people (95% right-handed, 70% left-handed)

  • language comprehension
  • speech
  • reading
  • speech production

Determined by WADA test

  • anaesthetic drug in left or right carotid artery stops function of one hemisphere
  • check for language deficits
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19
Q

Contralateral Function:

A 
Contralateral = opposite side
Ipsilateral = same side

Motor and Sensory Cortex:

  • connect to contralateral side of body
  • right hemisphere to left side of body and vice versa

Vision
- left vision from both eyes goes to right hemisphere and vice versa

Corpus Callosum

  • connects left and right hemispheres
  • axons of neurons crossing to opposite hemisphere –> contralateral
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20
Q

Inter-hemispheric Communication

A
  • stimuli on left side processed by right hemisphere

- must cross to left hemisphere dor language to report what object was

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21
Q

Split Brain

A
  • severed corpus callosum
  • last resort surgery for severe epilepsy
  • right hemisphere can read and understand words, but not speech
  • hemispheres can function independently
  • left hemisphere can tell what is seen
  • right hemisphere can only show via left hand
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22
Q

Biological Paradigm

A

Subject matter:

  • scientific study of biological basis of behaviour
  • behavioural and cognitive topics

Methods:

  • experimental
  • case study
  • correlational

Language and Concepts

  • biological terms
  • behavioural terms
  • cognitive terms

Root metaphor:
- biological machine

Intelectual influences:

  • prior: behaviourism
  • contemporary: neuroanatomy and physiology, cognitive perspectives
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23
Q

Psychodynamic Paradigm

A

Subject Matter:
- study of conscious and unconscious processes as seen in mental illness

Methods:
- case history

Language and Concepts:

  • ego
  • defence mechanisms

Root Metaphor:
- mental illness

Intellectual Influences:

  • prior: philosophy
  • contemporary: victorian culture, medicine
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24
Q

Humanistic Paradigm

A

Subject Matter:
- study of conscious human experience

Methods:
- case history

Language and Concepts:

  • personal growth
  • self actualisation
  • free will

Root Metaphor:
- growth

Intellectual Influences:
- 1960s culture

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25
Q

Brainstem

A
  • ANS functions

- relay between cortex and spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum

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26
Q

Medulla

A
  • ANS functions
  • controls heart rate, respiration, vasomotor control
  • reflex centres
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27
Q

Pons

A
  • relays signals from cerebral cortex to cerebellum

- some nerves to face for expression and eye movement

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28
Q

Glial Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes:
- produce myelin sheath

Astrocytes:

  • maintains blood brain barrier
  • supply nutrients from blood to neurones

Microglia:

  • brains immune system
  • clean up of foreign or toxic substances
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29
Q

Waking Consciousness

A
  • guided by attention
  • different people have different perspectives
  • interpretive aspects of awareness (in perception and memory) are constructed
30
Q

Habituation

A

respond less strongly over time

31
Q

Sensitisation

A

respond more strongly to repeated stimulus over time

32
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus (food) —-> unconditioned response (salivating)

conditions stimulus (bell) —-> conditioned response (salivating to bell)

33
Q

EEG - electroencephalography

A

summed activity from APs of neurons in cortex cause electrical activity change on scalp

Measure change in voltage from electrodes placed on scalp

Brain activity in EEG shows constant oscillations

Frequency changes w/ alertness and sleep

34
Q

ERP - Event Related Potentials

A

Brain activity related to specific event

Average together >100 trials of EEG in response to stimulus

Peaks represents different stages of processing stimulus

35
Q

MRI / fMRI

A

MRI —> brain anatomy
fMRI —> brain function

fMRI detects change in blood oxygen dependent level signal

36
Q

Law of Effect

A

if a stimulus followed by behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behaviour in the future

37
Q

Rate of Learning

A

Acquisition: heavily influenced by schedule of consequence

Discrimination/generalisation: of different reinforcement can be trained in operant conditioning

Extinction: in operant conditioning takes place when reinforcement is ceased

38
Q

Photoreceptors

A

two types of photoreceptors in retina - rods and cones

rods more numerous and located in periphery

cones densely packed and exclusive in fovea but also scattered through periphery

organisation of visual pathways is such that the left side of visual field is processed by right visual cortex and vice versa

39
Q

5 Altered States of Consciousness

A
  1. sleep/dreaming
  2. hypnosis
  3. daydreaming
  4. drug-induces states
  5. meditation
40
Q

Components of Attention

A

Selectivity:

  • ability to differently process and respond to one of several sources of info
  • unattended info filtered but still registered

Capacity:

  • limitations in ability to process and respond to several source of info at once
  • research strategy —> dual task performance
  • tasks that require attentional capacity will interfere with each other in dual task

Alertness:

  • variable amount of mental energy of processing power available
  • performance is low with low and high levels of arousal
41
Q

Late Selection Theory

A

Sensory register —> perceptual system —> memory —> response

42
Q

Neurogenesis

A
  • generation of new neurons

- neurons born through stem cells in hippocampus and subventricular zone of olfactory bulb

43
Q

Synaptogenesis

A
  • generation of new synapses
  • constantly formed and strengthened via experience and learning
  • impoverished environments are detrimental to brain development
44
Q

Homunculus

A
  • A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological “map” of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body
45
Q

Limbic System

A

Amygdala:

  • medial temporal lobe
  • fear and arousal
  • responds to threat
  • fear conditioning / learning phobias

Hippocampus:

  • medial temporal lobe
  • memory
  • spacial navigation
46
Q

Long-Term Memory

A
  • procedural –> not for conscious recall (skills learnt)
  • retrieval –> retrieving memories for conscious recall

Hippocampus:

  • declarative –> conscious recollection (episodic = past events and semantic = facts and basic knowledge)
  • encoding –> laying down memories for long term storage
47
Q

Long-Term Proteniation

A

Change in structure of synapses to give stronger synapse connection

48
Q

Hebbian Learning

A
  • neurons that fire together wire together
  • repeated firing of neurons together strengthens connection
  • brain learns association through repeated pairings
49
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model

A

stimuli —> sensory register —> short term memory —> long term memory

phonological loop = long term —> short term

50
Q

Memory Structures

A

1) Sensory Register
- storage system that registers and briefly holds info from senses
- iconic memory is related to visual system
- <0.5 sec duration
- echoic memory related to auditory system
- ~2 sec duration

2) Short Term Memory
- intermediate storage system that briefly holds info prior to consolidation
- ~30 sec duration
- 100% recall for 7+/-2 items

3) Long Term Memory
- large capacity
- long duration
- different types

51
Q

Memory Abstraction

A

Bransford

Cognitive process by which we encode and store essential meaning of a message and not exact details of learning events

52
Q

Schema Memory

A

Bartlett

Set of ideas about objects and events associates with a familiar activity

53
Q

Types of Long Term Memory

A

episodic = memory for specific events

semantic = general knowledge

procedural = implicit (without awareness of remembering

declarative = explicit (conscious recollection)

54
Q

Lateralisation of Brain Function

A

Left hemisphere:

  • language
  • speech

Right hemisphere:

  • tone of voice
  • face perception
  • perceptual grouping

Contralateral Functions:

  • movement, sensation and vision
  • left controls right and right controls left
55
Q

WADA Test

A
  • anaesthetic drug in left or right carotid artery stops function of one hemisphere
  • check for language deficits
  • wears off after a few mins
56
Q

Contralateral Function of Motor and Sensory Cortex

A 
Contralateral = opposite side
Ipsilateral = same side

Primary motor and sensory cortex connect to contralateral side of body (right controls left vice versa)

57
Q

Contralateral Function of Visual Cortex

A
  • each side of visual space mapped to contralateral visual cortex
  • left vision from both eyes goes to right hemisphere and vice versa
58
Q

Split Brain

A
  • severed corpus callosum
  • last resort surgery for severe epilepsy
  • right hemisphere can read and understand words but no speech (verbal report)
  • hemispheres can function independently
  • left can tell what it has seen
  • right can only show via left hand
59
Q

Thinking

A

Incubation = unconscious problem solving

High evaluation situations tend to increase function fixedness and decrease creativity

Extrinsic motivation (outside rewards) tend to increase functional fixedness and decrease creativity

60
Q

Algorithms Heuristics

A

Algorithms are methods that produce solutions to a problem

Heuristics are “rules of thumb” (short cuts)

From part of knowledge base

61
Q

Spatial Neglect

A
  • lesion to parietal cortex commonly by stroke
  • deficit in directing attention to one side of space
  • “ignore” things on one side; unable to perceive stimuli on side contralateral to brain lesion
  • not sue to sensory deficit
62
Q

Frontal-Temporal Dementia

A
  • degration (loss of neurons) in frontal and temporal lobes
  • disinhibition (increasing inappropriate actions)
  • apathy
  • loss of empathy
  • deficits in executive functions
63
Q

Mirror Neurons and Empathy

A
  • mirror neurons fire both when performing action and watching someone else perform said action
  • “mirrors” brain state of other in observers brain
  • mirrors emotions for ampathy
  • social group association

interference effects:

  • observing others actions interfere with our own actions
  • suggests that observed action are automatically mapped to motor cortex
64
Q

Empathy and Group Association

A

Group association:

  • forms associations with people we perceive are like us
  • in-group vs out-group (social identity theory)

Group behaviour:

  • in-group: favouritism, conformity, helping
  • out-group: prejudice, discrimination, conflict

Neural empathy and mirroring stronger for in-group

65
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given persons mind when evaluation a specific example

66
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Judging a frequency or probability based on how well an event or person fits one’s mental prototype

Conjunction fallacy —> believing the occurrence of two events is more likely than each event separately

67
Q

Primary Heuristic

A
  • anchoring and adjustment
  • giving inordinate weight to first pieces of info encountered
  • first impressions endure
  • halo effects = enduring + judgements
  • horn effects = enduring - judgements
68
Q

Behavioural Paradigm

A

Subject Matter:

  • scientific study of behaviour
  • learning

Methods:
- experimental (animal)

Language and Concepts:

  • stimulus, response
  • conditioning
  • reinforcement
  • shaping

Root Metaphor:
- blank slate, lump of clay

Intellectual Influences:

  • mentalism
  • other sciences
69
Q

Naive Realism

A

when experiences or perceptions are a direct reflection of reality

70
Q

Rosenthal effects

A
  • higher expectations lead to increased performance
71
Q

Hawthorne effects

A
  • change behaviour due to awareness of being observed
72
Q

Top-Down Processing

A
  • brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems
  • initiates with our thoughts and flows down to lower-level functions (senses)

PSYC1020 (1 decks)

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