"Mind-map Style" revision Flashcards
Complete the image below to show the decarboxylation of a carboxylic acid (In this case Ethanoic acid).
This reaction produces a hydrocarbon with one less Carbon atom than the acid.
This reaction is useful for structure determination since the hydrocarbon can be easily identified (by boiling point) once the Carboxyl group has been removed.
Complete the equation below show the photo-chlorination of methane.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the reaction of an alkene (in this case Propene) with Br(aq).
This reaction produces a Bromo alcohol.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the oxidation of an alkene (in this case Propene).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the Hydrodgenation of an alkene (in this case Propene).
This reaction is used commercially to Hydrogenate Heavily unsaturated Oils to produce Margarines.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the reaction of an alkene (in this case Propene) with Br(l).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the reaction of an alkene (in this case Propene) with HBr. (Both gaseous and aqueous).
This reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule. The Hydrogen of the HBr attatches to the carbon with the greatest number of Hydrogen atoms already attached.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the first step in the reaction of an alkene (in this case Propene) with concentrated H2SO4.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products of the second step of the reaction of an alkene (in this case Propene) with Concentrated H2SO4.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions of the Production of an alkene (in this case Propene) From propan-1-ol.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions of the Production of an alkene (in this case Propene) From propan-1-ol using H2SO4.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions of the Production of an alkene (in this case Propene) from a halogeno alkane.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products from the nitration of Benzene.
The Nitronium ion is created in solution by Reacting Concentrated HNO3 and conc H2SO4. If the temprature rises above 55oC dinitrobenzene is formed.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the first stage of the conversion of Benzene to Phenol.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the second stage of the conversion of Benzene to Phenol.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products Required for the production of Chlorobenzene.
This is another example of electrophillic substitution.
Happens only with Chlorine or Bromine.
A halogen carrier is a fidel-crafts catylist such as Aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products when ethanoyl chloride reacts with Benzene.
A halogen carrier is a fidel-crafts catylist such as Aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the fidel-crafts alkylation of benzene.
A halogen carrier is a fidel-crafts catylist such as Aluminium chloride (AlCl3).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the oxidation of Methyl (or other Alkyl) Benzene.
In this reaction the Potassium Salt of the Acid (COOK) is first obtained and then is acidified to give the free acid.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Chlorination of Methyl (or other Alkyl) Benzene.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the chlorination of the Methyl (or other Alkyl) side chain of an alkyl Benzene.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Hydrogentation of Benzene.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Photo Chlorination of Benzene.
this process takes longer with Benzene than it does with Alkenes because of the Pi system of delocalised electrons.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of a Chloro Alkane (in this case ChloroEthane) From an Alkene.
N.B the degree of halogenation depends on the length of exposure.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of a Halogeno Alkene from an alcohol. (in this case ChloroEthane)
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Dehalogenation of Chloroethane.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for The alkaline Hydrolysis of a Halogeno Alkane.
This is a nucleophillic substitution reaction.
Chloro Ethane is much more reactive than Chlorobenzene so with Chlorobenzene Hydrolysis takes much longer. This is because the electrons of the Chlorine atom not used in bonding beome part of the delocalizes rings of electrons above and below the plane of the ring. This makes benzene very resistant to attack by nucleophiles.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Silver Nitrate Test for a halogeno Alkane (In this case Chloroethane).
This reaction (With a chloroalkane) produces a white precipitate which is soluble in dil ammonia.
With a Bromoalkane a pale cream precipitate is given which is soluble in conc ammonia.
With Iodine a pale yellow precipitate is given which is insoluble in conc ammonia.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the amination of a halogeno alkane.
Aliphatic amines are produced through this process. The two reactants are dissolved in ethanol and are heated together in a bomb. (a metal container which will withstand a high pressure). The first product is the ammonium salt (RNH3+ X-). To extract the free amine an alkali is added and then fractional distillation is used.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of a nitrile compound from a hlogeno alkane (in this case Chloroethane).
When heated with KCN dissolved in either ether or Propanone Chloroethane is converted to Nitrile propane. This is therefore an effective means of increasing the length of a Carbon chain.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of an alcohol (in this case ethanol) from an alkane.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of an alcohol (in this case ethanol) through the Hydrolysis of a halogenoalkane.
This is a Nucleophillic substitution/Hydrolysis reaction
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the production of an alcohol (in this case Ethanol) through reduction of a carbonyl compound.
When this reaction is performed on an aldehyde a primary aliphatic alcohol is formed. When it is performed on a Keytone an aliphatic secondary alcohol is formed. NaBH4 in water Will reduce aldehydes and keytones however a stronger reducing agent (LiAlH4 in Dry ether) is needed for Carboxylic acids.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Dehydration (elimination) of an alcohol (in this case Ethanol)
Cold sulfuric acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an alkyl Hydrogen Sulfate (CH3CH2OHSO3).heating the product with excess sulfuric acid gives an alkene by losing the elements of water.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the esterification of an alcohol (in this case ethanol).
Esters are sweet smelling
The yeild of this reaction is small as it reaches equilibrium. The product is distilled from the reaction mixture.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the esterification using ethanoyl chloride of an alcohol (in this case ethanol).
This reaction produces a better yeild.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions required to convert an alcohol (in this case Ethanol) into a halogeno alkane (in this case bromoethane).
This is a dehydration reaction as it produces water as a waste product. The HBr is made in situe by heating NaBr with Conc Sulfuric acid.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Oxidation of an alcohol (in this case ethanol.)
Primary alcohols produce Aldehydes and then Carboxylic acids
Secondary alcohols produce Keytones
Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation.
This can therefore be used to tell the difference between various classes of alcohols
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Conversion of Phenol into Sodium Phenoxide.
Sodium Phenoxide Will then react readily with Acyl Chlorides to give an ester.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the reaction of phenol with Bromine water.
This Produces a molecule similar to TCP - 2,4,6-tribromophenol. This reaction results in The productioon of a white solid and hence decolorises Bromine water in an electrophillic substitution reaction. Phenol is more readily attacked by electrophiles because the lone pair of electrons on the OH and O- groups and the ring increase the avalibility of electrons in the ring,
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions for the conversion of Phenol to an aromatic keytone. (in this case Phenyl Methyl Ketone)
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions for the Production of an Acid chloride (in this case Ethanoyl Chloride) From a Carboxylic acid.
This reaction produces POCl3 and HCl as waste products.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions for the Production of a carboxylic acid (in this case ethanoic acid) from a nitrile compound.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, and conditions necesarry for the formation of a carboxylic acid (in this case ethanoic acid) from a Primary alcohol/aldehyde.
Sulfuric acid is used to acidify the reaction mixture and the required product can be distilled from the mixture after heating under reflux.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the esterification of a carboxylic acid (in this case ethanoic acid).
This reaction takes place with Concentrated Sulfuric acid acting as a catylist and a dehydrating agent, removing water and pushing equilibrium to the right.
Complete the equation below to give the products for the reaction of a carboxylic acid (in this case ethanoic acid) with Sodium compounds.
If NaOH is used and the reaction mixture is heated then Decarboxylation will occur.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the decarboxylation of a carboxylic acid (in this case ethanoic acid).
In this reaction a Hydrocarbon is formed which has one less Carbon atom than the acid. This reaction is widely used in structure determination since the Hydrocarbon is easily identified once the Carboxyl group has been removed.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Reduction of a Carboxylic acid (In this case ethanoic acid).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the reaction of an aldehyde with Tollen’s reagent/Fehling’s Solution.
An aldehyde treated with Tollen’s reagent and heated in a water bath will produce a silver mirror which will coat the inside of the test tube.
When an aldehyde is heated to boiling point with Fehling’s solution/Benadicts reagent a Brick red precipitate of Copper-1-Oxide forms.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Oxidation of an aldehyde.
Complete the equation below to give the products for reaction of an aldehyde with Brady’s reagent.
The 2,4-dinitro-phenyl-hydrazones formed through this process are Orange or Yellow solids and are easily crystalised and purified. Demonstration of the melting point can be used to identify the original aldehyde or keytone.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the reduction of an aldehyde.
This produces a primary alcohol.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the iodoform test on an Aldehyde.
Iodoform (CH3) - a pale yellow solid is formed when a suitible carbonyl compound is warmed with NaOH and Iodine. In order for the test to be positive the Carbonyl group must be next to a methyl group. hence why it is only positive for Ethanal.
Complete the equation below to give the reagents and conditions for the production of an aldehyde from a Primary alcohol (in this case ethanol).
Complete the equation below to give the reagents, conditions and products for the Oxidation of an alcohol (in this case ethanol.) using Cr2O72-
Complete the equation below to give the conditions and products for the reaction of a keytone with Tollens Reagent/Fheling’s solution.
Keytones do not produce a silver mirror or brick red precipitate with Tollens reagent or Fhelings solution respectively.
Complete the equation below to give the products for the reaction of a keytone with Brady’s reagent.
Complete the equation below to give the products and result produced from a keytone in the Iodoform test.
Complete the equation below to give the reduction of a keytone.
This produces a secondary alcohol.
Complete the equation below to show the production of a Keytone from a secondary alcohol.
Complete the equation below to show the production of a Nitrile compound from an amide.
Complete the equation below to give the production of a nitrile compound from the ammonium salt of an acid.
This reaction requires heat.
Complete the equation to give show the production of a nitrile from a halogeno compound.
This occurs when a halogeno alkane is heated with Potassium Cyanide dissolved in either ether or propanone. It is a way of increasing the number of carbon atoms in a chain.
Complete the equation below to give the production of a carboxylic acid from a nitrile.
Complete the equation below to give the reduction of a nitrile.
In this reaction the reducing agent must not be acidic as it would cause hydrolysis of the nitrile
Complete the equation below to show the production of a primary aliphatic amine from a halogeno alkane.
In this reaction the two reactants are dissolved in ethanol and then heated together in a bomb. To extract the free amine an alkali is added and then fractional distilation is used. i.e:
RX + NH3 = RNH3+ X-
RNH3+ X- + NaOH = CH3NH2 + NaX + H2O
complete the equation be low to give the production of a primary aliphatic amine from a nitrile compound.
Complete the equation below to show the Acylation (in this case ethanoylation) of a primary aliphatic amine.
These substituted amides are solids and so can be used to identify the original amine. Ethanoic anyhydride reacts in the same way.
Complete the equation below to give the reaction of a primary aliphatic amine with Nitrous acid.
Amines undergo different reactions with nitrous acid. The nitrous acid is produced in situe (as it is unstable) ny reacting Nitrite (NO2) with hydrochloric acid at 50C. The first reaction forms a diazonium ion: R-NH2 = R-N+≡N-Cl- . Diazonium ions of primary aliphatic amines decompose giving of nitrogen gas: R-N+≡N-Cl- + H2O = ROH + N2 + HCl.
Complete the equation below to give the production of an aromatic amine from nitronenzene. (in this case phenylamine/aniline)
This is a redox reaction with HCl acting as a reducing agent. The mixture is refluxed for about 30 minutes and then NaOH is added to release the aniline which is extracted by steam distillation. A mixture of water and aniline collects and ether is used to extract the aniline. The ether is distilled off and the aniline further purified by boiling under reduced pressure, It decomposes at it’s normal boiling point.
Complete the equation below to show the acylation of an aromatic amine. (in this case aniline).
Complete the equation below to give the reaction of phenylamine (aniline ) with nitrous acid.
Amines undergo different reactions with nitrous acid. The nitrous acid is produced in situe (as it is unstable) ny reacting Nitrite (NO2) with hydrochloric acid at 50C. This produces an aromatic diazonium compound. Unlike aliphatic diazonium compounds aromatic amines are stable in solution below 10oC
Complete the equation below to give the reaction between an aromatic diazonium compound and water.
Complete the equation below to give the reaction between an aromatic diazonium compound and a phenol (in this case 2-napthol)
With phenols a coupling reaction occurs and an azo dye is produced. Above 10oC diazo compounds decompose.
With aromatic amines a coupling reaction occurs so that the two rings are joined by a -N=N- bond.
Complete the equation below to give the production of an ester using a carboxylic acid.
This is a condensation reaction. The sulfuric acid acts as a catylist and dehydrating agent, removing water and shifting the equilibrium over to the right.
Complete the equation below to give the production of an ester using a acyl chloride.
Complete the equation below to give the reduction of an ester.
Complete the equation below to give the hydrolysis of an ester.
labelling experements show that the C-O bond (in bold) in the -C-O-R- group is broken. The reaction is catylised by acids and alkalis. If a base is used then the first product is the salt of the base.The two products (salt and alcohol) can be easily separated. To obtain the acid from the salt it is treated with a mineral acid (e.g sulfuric acid).
