Min. questions

Question 1

1. Definition of animals suspected of being infected with anthrax

Answer 1

Those animals that have:

• been in contact with an animal that died of/was diseased with/was suspected of being diseased with anthrax within 20 days before confirmation
• consumed feedstuff/water of the same origin as animal that died of/was diseased with/was suspected of being diseased with anthrax
• grazed on a pasture infected with anthrax without vaccination (Vaccination being required min 2 weeks & max 6 months before)

Question 2

2. Definition of animals diseased with anthrax

Answer 2

• Showing typical clinical signs
• characteristic lesions in organs at PM/meat inspection
• disease demonstrated by lab. findings

Question 3

3. Official measures in case of animals diseased with anthrax

Answer 3

• Official surveillance initiated if disease is confirmed + animals separated into 3 groups:
  1. Diseased and suspected of being diseased
  2. Suspected of being infected
  3. Other susceptible animals
• Those animals deemed “Diseased & Suspected of being Diseased” must receive immediate obligatory treatment, change feedstuff, drinking water, and strictly no grazing

Question 4

4. Official measures in case of animals suspected of being infected with anthrax

Answer 4

In case of animals being suspected of being infected with anthrax, the animals must receive vaccination followed by 14 days of observation

• Cattle + horse: take temperature every day
• Sheep/goat/pig: daily observation
• If fever/CS is detected -> animals are regarded as “Suspect of being diseased” and must receive obligatory treatment

Question 5

5. Rules of taking samples in case of FMD suspicion

Answer 5

The preferred sample for FMD diagnosis is 1 gram of tissue from the epithelium of an
unruptured or freshly ruptured vesicle (Vesicle sample preferred if vesicles are present);
epithelium samples should be placed in a
transport medium which maintains a pH of 7.2-7.4 and samples must be kept at 4oC
during transport. Where vesicle sampling is not possible, saliva, blood and/or
oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid samples may be taken by probang cup in ruminants or
throat swab in swine.
Myocardial tissue or blood can also be submitted from fatal cases,
Samples from suspected cases must be
transported to authorised laboratories according to international regulations.

Question 6

6. Use of vaccination in case of confirmation of FMD

Answer 6

With regard to FMD, trade in vaccinated animals is prohibited, but vaccinated animals
from tested herds may be moved within a Member State; a system of traceability ensures
that they are excluded from Community trade.

Emergency vaccination:

• classification of herds
• Animals clearly identified and registered and must not be moved
• Specific measures in the vaccination zone to control the movement of animals, fresh meat and other animal products, milk and milk products.
• A clinical and serological survey

2 forms of vaccination protocol may be followed:

1. Suppressive vaccination:
   - Part of an immediate stamping-out strategy
   - carried out only within the protection zone and on clearly identified holdings
   - applied to ensure minimum spread of the virus during disposal of infected animals
2. Protective Vaccination:
   - Regionalisation of the vaccination zone,
   - Second surveillance zone: at least 10km wide

Question 7

7. Rules of recovery of FMD free status if no vaccination has been used

Answer 7

If no vaccination has been used FMD-free status may be recovered if:
- the control and eradication measures laid down for the protection and surveillance zones have been effective and may be lifted + at least three months have elapsed since the last recorded outbreak.

Question 8

8. Definition of officially brucellosis-free bovine herd

Answer 8

Herd is deemed officially free if
- no CS for at min. 12 months
- no vaccinations for min.3 years
- any animals introduced: from officially free
herds or tested within 30days
- all animals over 12m: two serological tests (6-12m interval)
- regular testing (every year)
- general measures (isolation of the holding, record of comp. laboratory examinations, separate calving, control of movements of visitors, animals, vehicles, control of dogs and cats on the holding etc.)

Question 9

9. Definition of positive single intradermal tuberculin test

Answer 9

• if clinical signs are observed

- OR there is an increase of 4 mm or more in the thickness of the fold of skin at the injection site

Question 10

10. Definition of negative single intradermal tuberculin test

Answer 10

• if only limited swelling is observed with an increase of not more than 2 mm in the thickness of the fold of skin without clinical signs such as diffuse or extensive oedema, exudation, necrosis, pain or inflammation of the lymphatic ducts in that region or of the lymph nodes

Question 11

11. Definition of positive comparative intradermal tuberculin test

Answer 11

• a positive bovine reaction which is more than 4 mm greater than the avian reaction
• OR the presence of clinical signs

Question 12

12. Definition of negative comparative intradermal tuberculin test

Answer 12

• a negative bovine reaction
• OR a positive/inconclusive bovine reaction which is equal to or less than a positive or inconclusive avian reaction and the absence of clinical signs in both cases.

Question 13

13. Definition of tuberculosis free bovine herd

Answer 13

• no CS min. 12 months
• all animals over 6 weeks have tested negative
  on two official intradermal tuberculin tests, the first test is administered 6 months
  after the removal of the last infected animals, and the second test is administered 6-12 months later
• animals introduced: from officially free herd or tested (within 30 days)
• meat inspection, lesion: compulsory: investigation
• (Two)yearly tuberculin testing of all animals over 12 months

General measures (isolation of the holding, record of comp. laboratory examinations, control of movements of visitors, animals, vehicles, control of dogs and cats on the holding etc.)

Question 14

14. Definition of officially enzootic-bovine-leukosis-free herd

Answer 14

1) no evidence of the disease in the herd (clinical signs or lab tests), and there has not been any confirmed cases in the previous 24 months AND
2) animals > 24 months have tested negative at least 2 times in the last 12 months, the two tests carried out at least 4 months apart AND

3) any new animals introduced into the herd
- come from an officially free herd OR
- Orginate from an establishment where there has been no evidence of EBL within the 24 months prior to their dispatch: AND
- - Animals > 24 months had 2 negative tests with no less than 4 months apart while kept in isolation OR negative serological test (30 days before introduction)
- - Animals < 24 months were born to dams that had 2 negative serological tests, taken in the last 12 months with at least 4 months apart

4) germinal products of bovine animals introduced are from establishments free from EBL or from an approved germinal product establishment

Question 15

15. Definition of IBR-virus free bovine herd

Answer 15

1. Last 12m: no confirmed cases of IBR/IPV in bovine animals kept in the establishment
2. Last 2y: none of the bovine animals has been vaccinated against IBR/IPV
3. Serological test (Ig-E if vaccinated before):
   - blood/milk/meat juice sample taken from each bovine animal over a period of max. 1 year
   - blood/milk/meat juice sample taken on at least 2 occasions at interval 2-12m apart, from:
   - - all female bovine over 12m (could be bulk milk samples taken on at least 3 occasions at intervals of not less than 3 months)
   - -all male bovine intended for breeding over 12m + random sample of male Ø intended for breeding over 12m

4) Animals introduced:
- from free herd + have tested neg. on serological test
- OR was in quarantine prior + have tested neg. on serological test

5) germinal products introduced from free herds or approved germinal product establishments

Question 16

16. Maintenance of IBR-virus free status in bovine herd

Answer 16

• the general requirements continue to be fulfilled
• serological testing with negative results (BoHV-1-IgE if DIVA vaccination before)
• • on blood/milk/meat juice samples taken annually from all bovine animals > 24 months of age (could be bulk milk samples taken on at least 3 occations with intervals of not less than 3m)
• control of all bovine animals that are introduced (from free establishment, tests)

Question 17

17. Definition of specified risk material in bovine animals

Answer 17

• the skull excl. the mandible and incl. the brain + eyes + spinal cord of animals > 12 months
• the vertebral column excl. the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of lumbar + thoracic vertebrae + wings of the sacrum, but incl. dorsal root ganglia + spinal cord of animals > 30 months,
• the tonsils, last four meters of the SI, caecum and mesentery of animals of all ages

Question 18

Definition of specified risk material in ovine and caprine animals

Answer 18

• the skull incl. brain + eyes, tonsils, spinal cord of animals > 12 months OR those who have a permanent incisor erupted through the gum, and
• the spleen + ileum of animals of all ages.

Question 19

Definition of “cohort” in case of confirmation of BSE

Answer 19

Following confirmation of a case of BSE, the case’s associated “cohort” is defined as a group of bovine animals EITHER born in the same herd as the affected animal AND born
within the 12 months preceding or following the birth of the affected cattle, OR reared
together with the affected animal at any time during the first year of their life and which may have consumed the same feed as that the affected animal consumed during the first year of its life

Question 20

20. Official measures in case of confirmation of ASF on a holding

Answer 20

• all the pigs on the holding is to be killed and their carcasses processed
• all contaminated material (meat, semen, ova) or waste must be destroyed, processed or treated
• cleaning & disinfection of all premises, vehicles and equipment under official supervision
• meat of pigs slaughtered during the period between the probable introduction of disease to the holding and the taking of official measures shall be traced and processed under official supervision

Question 21

21. Official measures in case of confirmation of CSF on a holding

Answer 21

• all the pigs on holding are killed and their carcasses rendered
• any material (meat, sperm, ova) or waste liekly to be contaminated is destroyed, rendered or processed
• cleaning & disinfection under official supervision
• meat of pigs slaughtered during probable period between introduction of disease and the taking of official measures shall wherever possible be traced and processed under official supervision
• epidemiological inquiry

Question 22

22. Official measures in case of confirmation of CSF in feral pigs

Answer 22

• determination of the infected area
• official surveillance on the pig holdings in the area
• official census
• isolate domestic pigs from feral pigs
• no pigs enter or leave the holding without authorisation
• written plan of measures taken to eradicate the disease in the infected area

collection of information on the:

• • geographical distribution of disease;
• • information campaign to increase hunters’ awareness of the measures to be taken
• • approx. number of feral pigs populations in and around the infected area;
• • method of removal of feral pigs found dead or shot

Question 23

23. Use of vaccination in case of confirmation of CSF

Answer 23

• Use of preventive CSF vaccines is prohibited
• the Member State concerned may submit an emergency vaccination plan to the Commission for farm pigs and feral pigs
• marker vaccine: a vaccine that can elicit a protective immunity distinguishable from the immune response elicited by the natural infection with the wild type virus by means of laboratory tests

Question 24

24. Definition of Aujeszky disease infection free swine herd

Answer 24

• no vaccination: 12 m
• no infection: 2 years
• epidemiological conditions (e.g. isolation, controlled movements, laboratory examinations, records)
• testing of all breeding sows and boars and representative sample of fattening pigs
• insemination or natural breeding with negative semen/boars

Question 25

25. Definition of animals diseased of equine infectious anemia

Answer 25

• Typical clinical signs or
• non-typical clinical signs but demonstration of the virus and/or 2 positive serology (interval: 21 days)
• pathology, histopathology

Question 26

26. Definition of animals suspected of being contaminated with equine infectious anemia

Answer 26

• kept within 90 days with diseased or suspected of being diseased animals
• no clinical signs but 2 inconclusive or 1 positive serology (interval: 21 days)

Question 27

27. Evaluation of ophthalmic test in case of glanders

Answer 27

• After 24 hours rest
• 0.2 ml mallein dripped onto the conjunctiva at the canthus
• evaluation: 8-12 or 16-24 hours:
• • positive: swelling, purulent discharge
• • inconclusive: mucous discharge
• • negative

(This test is less reliable than the intradermo-palpebral test)

Question 28

28. Official control measures in case of confirmation of African horse sickness outbreak

Answer 28

• informing the public about restrictions
• killing of infected horses
• disposal of carcasses and animal waste
• strict disinfection
• 20 km zone: official surveillance, obligatory vaccination, laboratory examination of dogs, killing of diseased dogs
• epizootic inquiry
• taking into account epidemiological, geographical, climatic conditions

Question 29

29. Definition of a potentially rabid animal

Answer 29

• an animal that shows the symptoms of the disease
• an animal that is symptomless but has been bitten by a rabid or potentially rabid animal
• a wild mammal which behaves strangely or attacks humans

Question 30

30. Definition of a potentially rabies-infected animal

Answer 30

• an animal that has or may have contacted a rabid or potentially rabid animal within the last 90 days

Question 31

31. Definition of rabies-risky animal

Answer 31

• any mammal that has attacked or bitten humans

- dog that has not received an anti-rabies vaccination in accordance with the regulations

Question 32

32. Official measures with potentially rabid animals

Answer 32

• The potentially rabid domestic animals or susceptible animals kept in captivity shall be killed
  OR upon the animal keepers request, put under official monitoring for 90 days if the conditions of such monitoring can be ensured without any problem.
• Animals showing clinical symptoms shall be inspected daily
• Animals not showing clinical symptoms shall be inspected weekly
• The potentially rabid stray or wild animals shall be killed and then the official veterinarian shall be informed without delay.

Question 33

33. Official measures with potentially rabies-infected animals

Answer 33

• Animal should be put under official monitoring for 90 days.
• The potentially rabies-infected carnivorous animals shall be monitored under separation at place of their keeping, inspected once every 3rd week. Or if their safe separation is not possible, at an official place.

The potenitally rabies-infected non-carnivorous animals shall be inspected once every 3 weeks. During the monitoring period, the animal shal be kept and preferably tied and separated to avoid their contact with humans or other animals.

Question 34

34. Official measures with rabies risky animals

Answer 34

The rabies-risky animals shall be put under official monitoring for 14 days and unless they already have it, the dogs shall be marked with an electronic transponder (a microchip implanted under the skin) at the owner’s cost.
- At the end of the monitoring period it is necessary to order the anti-rabies vaccination of the dogs not having a valid anti-rabies vaccination.

• The rabies-risky carnivorous animals shall be monitored on the dog keeper’s site or, in lack of that, on any other site available and suitable for such purpose, inhibiting any contact with humans and other animals.
• The animals showing any clinical symptoms shall be inspected daily until they are fully recovered, while the animals not showing clinical symptoms shall be inspected weekly.
• The rabies-risky non-carnivorous animals shall be monitored at the place of their keeping or separation

Question 35

35. Rules of preventative vaccination of dogs against rabies

Answer 35

The animal keeper shall arange at his/her own cost, for the vaccination of all dogs over 3 months of age to be performed by the private veterinarian responsible for the animal health supervision of such dogs as follows:

• Within 30 days after reaching 3 months of age
• Within 6 months after the first vaccination
• Every year afterwards

Question 36

36. Public health measures in case of rabies

Answer 36

The official vet. shall notify the competent regional institution of medical authorities if:

• He/she confirms rabies or potential rabies
• He/she becomes aware of the fact that a rabid or potentially rabid or potentially rabies-infected animal has bitten (attacked) any person.
• Upon the detection of any wound caused by a dog, cat or wild animal, the physician caring for the wound shall immediately notify in writing the competent official veterinary authority about the:
  information available with regard to the circumstances of the case including, in particular, the name and home address of the animal keeper.
• Based on such notification, the official veterinarian shall take the necessary measures without delay.
• The autopsy of the rabid or potentially rabid animal or the removal of its head for diagnostic purposes may be performed only in protective clothes to exclude the risk of infections

Question 37

37. Official measures in case of confirmation of Newcastle disease in a holding

Answer 37

• all poultry killed on the spot
• carcasses and eggs destroyed
• any substance or waste liable to be contaminated is destroyed or treated
• meat of poultry slaughtered during the presumed incubation period is traced and destroyed
• hatching eggs laid during the presumed incubation period is traced and destroyed: poultry that hatched from such eggs is placed under official surveillance
• Thorough cleaning and disinfection
• reintroduction: at least 21 days after the end of the disinfection operations

Question 38

38. Official measures in case of confirmation of Newcastle disease in pidgeons

Answer 38

• application of control & eradication measures provided for the poultry OR at least:
• a ban movement of the pigeons or birds kept in captivity: for at least 60 days
• destruction or treatment of any matter or waste likely to be contaminated
• epizootiological inquiry
• use of swill prohibited for the feeding of poultry
• contingency plan

Question 39

39. Rules of lifting restrictions ordered in case of scabies

Answer 39

Observation periods needed:
 sheep:
- if < 2 cm wool: 42 days after dipping
- if > 2 cm wool: 70 days after 2x dipping
- if other means of treatment: 42 days

other species: 42 days after 2x treatment

Question 40

40. Official control measures with rabbit flocks diseased with viral hemorrhagic disease

Answer 40

Diseased:

• movement restrictions
• slaughter prohibited
• Killing the rabbits and proper disposal of carcasses

In case of valuable flock:

• Killing only the diseased animals & vaccination of healthy ones
• Movement restrictions and vaccination are continued for the next 6 months