Min. questions Flashcards
- Definition of animals suspected of being infected with anthrax
Those animals that have:
- been in contact with an animal that died of/was diseased with/was suspected of being diseased with anthrax within 20 days before confirmation
- consumed feedstuff/water of the same origin as animal that died of/was diseased with/was suspected of being diseased with anthrax
- grazed on a pasture infected with anthrax without vaccination (Vaccination being required min 2 weeks & max 6 months before)
- Definition of animals diseased with anthrax
- Showing typical clinical signs
- characteristic lesions in organs at PM/meat inspection
- disease demonstrated by lab. findings
- Official measures in case of animals diseased with anthrax
- Official surveillance initiated if disease is confirmed + animals separated into 3 groups:
1. Diseased and suspected of being diseased
2. Suspected of being infected
3. Other susceptible animals - Those animals deemed “Diseased & Suspected of being Diseased” must receive immediate obligatory treatment, change feedstuff, drinking water, and strictly no grazing
- Official measures in case of animals suspected of being infected with anthrax
In case of animals being suspected of being infected with anthrax, the animals must receive vaccination followed by 14 days of observation
- Cattle + horse: take temperature every day
- Sheep/goat/pig: daily observation
- If fever/CS is detected -> animals are regarded as “Suspect of being diseased” and must receive obligatory treatment
- Rules of taking samples in case of FMD suspicion
The preferred sample for FMD diagnosis is 1 gram of tissue from the epithelium of an
unruptured or freshly ruptured vesicle (Vesicle sample preferred if vesicles are present);
epithelium samples should be placed in a
transport medium which maintains a pH of 7.2-7.4 and samples must be kept at 4oC
during transport. Where vesicle sampling is not possible, saliva, blood and/or
oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid samples may be taken by probang cup in ruminants or
throat swab in swine.
Myocardial tissue or blood can also be submitted from fatal cases,
Samples from suspected cases must be
transported to authorised laboratories according to international regulations.
- Use of vaccination in case of confirmation of FMD
With regard to FMD, trade in vaccinated animals is prohibited, but vaccinated animals
from tested herds may be moved within a Member State; a system of traceability ensures
that they are excluded from Community trade.
Emergency vaccination:
- classification of herds
- Animals clearly identified and registered and must not be moved
- Specific measures in the vaccination zone to control the movement of animals, fresh meat and other animal products, milk and milk products.
- A clinical and serological survey
2 forms of vaccination protocol may be followed:
- Suppressive vaccination:
- Part of an immediate stamping-out strategy
- carried out only within the protection zone and on clearly identified holdings
- applied to ensure minimum spread of the virus during disposal of infected animals - Protective Vaccination:
- Regionalisation of the vaccination zone,
- Second surveillance zone: at least 10km wide
- Rules of recovery of FMD free status if no vaccination has been used
If no vaccination has been used FMD-free status may be recovered if:
- the control and eradication measures laid down for the protection and surveillance zones have been effective and may be lifted + at least three months have elapsed since the last recorded outbreak.
- Definition of officially brucellosis-free bovine herd
Herd is deemed officially free if
- no CS for at min. 12 months
- no vaccinations for min.3 years
- any animals introduced: from officially free
herds or tested within 30days
- all animals over 12m: two serological tests (6-12m interval)
- regular testing (every year)
- general measures (isolation of the holding, record of comp. laboratory examinations, separate calving, control of movements of visitors, animals, vehicles, control of dogs and cats on the holding etc.)
- Definition of positive single intradermal tuberculin test
- if clinical signs are observed
- OR there is an increase of 4 mm or more in the thickness of the fold of skin at the injection site
- Definition of negative single intradermal tuberculin test
- if only limited swelling is observed with an increase of not more than 2 mm in the thickness of the fold of skin without clinical signs such as diffuse or extensive oedema, exudation, necrosis, pain or inflammation of the lymphatic ducts in that region or of the lymph nodes
- Definition of positive comparative intradermal tuberculin test
- a positive bovine reaction which is more than 4 mm greater than the avian reaction
- OR the presence of clinical signs
- Definition of negative comparative intradermal tuberculin test
- a negative bovine reaction
- OR a positive/inconclusive bovine reaction which is equal to or less than a positive or inconclusive avian reaction and the absence of clinical signs in both cases.
- Definition of tuberculosis free bovine herd
- no CS min. 12 months
- all animals over 6 weeks have tested negative
on two official intradermal tuberculin tests, the first test is administered 6 months
after the removal of the last infected animals, and the second test is administered 6-12 months later - animals introduced: from officially free herd or tested (within 30 days)
- meat inspection, lesion: compulsory: investigation
- (Two)yearly tuberculin testing of all animals over 12 months
General measures (isolation of the holding, record of comp. laboratory examinations, control of movements of visitors, animals, vehicles, control of dogs and cats on the holding etc.)
- Definition of officially enzootic-bovine-leukosis-free herd
1) no evidence of the disease in the herd (clinical signs or lab tests), and there has not been any confirmed cases in the previous 24 months AND
2) animals > 24 months have tested negative at least 2 times in the last 12 months, the two tests carried out at least 4 months apart AND
3) any new animals introduced into the herd
- come from an officially free herd OR
- Orginate from an establishment where there has been no evidence of EBL within the 24 months prior to their dispatch: AND
- - Animals > 24 months had 2 negative tests with no less than 4 months apart while kept in isolation OR negative serological test (30 days before introduction)
- - Animals < 24 months were born to dams that had 2 negative serological tests, taken in the last 12 months with at least 4 months apart
4) germinal products of bovine animals introduced are from establishments free from EBL or from an approved germinal product establishment
- Definition of IBR-virus free bovine herd
- Last 12m: no confirmed cases of IBR/IPV in bovine animals kept in the establishment
- Last 2y: none of the bovine animals has been vaccinated against IBR/IPV
- Serological test (Ig-E if vaccinated before):
- blood/milk/meat juice sample taken from each bovine animal over a period of max. 1 year
- blood/milk/meat juice sample taken on at least 2 occasions at interval 2-12m apart, from:
- - all female bovine over 12m (could be bulk milk samples taken on at least 3 occasions at intervals of not less than 3 months)
- -all male bovine intended for breeding over 12m + random sample of male Ø intended for breeding over 12m
4) Animals introduced:
- from free herd + have tested neg. on serological test
- OR was in quarantine prior + have tested neg. on serological test
5) germinal products introduced from free herds or approved germinal product establishments
- Maintenance of IBR-virus free status in bovine herd
- the general requirements continue to be fulfilled
- serological testing with negative results (BoHV-1-IgE if DIVA vaccination before)
- on blood/milk/meat juice samples taken annually from all bovine animals > 24 months of age (could be bulk milk samples taken on at least 3 occations with intervals of not less than 3m)
- control of all bovine animals that are introduced (from free establishment, tests)
- Definition of specified risk material in bovine animals
- the skull excl. the mandible and incl. the brain + eyes + spinal cord of animals > 12 months
- the vertebral column excl. the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of lumbar + thoracic vertebrae + wings of the sacrum, but incl. dorsal root ganglia + spinal cord of animals > 30 months,
- the tonsils, last four meters of the SI, caecum and mesentery of animals of all ages
Definition of specified risk material in ovine and caprine animals
- the skull incl. brain + eyes, tonsils, spinal cord of animals > 12 months OR those who have a permanent incisor erupted through the gum, and
- the spleen + ileum of animals of all ages.
Definition of “cohort” in case of confirmation of BSE
Following confirmation of a case of BSE, the case’s associated “cohort” is defined as a group of bovine animals EITHER born in the same herd as the affected animal AND born
within the 12 months preceding or following the birth of the affected cattle, OR reared
together with the affected animal at any time during the first year of their life and which may have consumed the same feed as that the affected animal consumed during the first year of its life
- Official measures in case of confirmation of ASF on a holding
- all the pigs on the holding is to be killed and their carcasses processed
- all contaminated material (meat, semen, ova) or waste must be destroyed, processed or treated
- cleaning & disinfection of all premises, vehicles and equipment under official supervision
- meat of pigs slaughtered during the period between the probable introduction of disease to the holding and the taking of official measures shall be traced and processed under official supervision
- Official measures in case of confirmation of CSF on a holding
- all the pigs on holding are killed and their carcasses rendered
- any material (meat, sperm, ova) or waste liekly to be contaminated is destroyed, rendered or processed
- cleaning & disinfection under official supervision
- meat of pigs slaughtered during probable period between introduction of disease and the taking of official measures shall wherever possible be traced and processed under official supervision
- epidemiological inquiry
- Official measures in case of confirmation of CSF in feral pigs
- determination of the infected area
- official surveillance on the pig holdings in the area
- official census
- isolate domestic pigs from feral pigs
- no pigs enter or leave the holding without authorisation
- written plan of measures taken to eradicate the disease in the infected area
collection of information on the:
- geographical distribution of disease;
- information campaign to increase hunters’ awareness of the measures to be taken
- approx. number of feral pigs populations in and around the infected area;
- method of removal of feral pigs found dead or shot
- Use of vaccination in case of confirmation of CSF
- Use of preventive CSF vaccines is prohibited
- the Member State concerned may submit an emergency vaccination plan to the Commission for farm pigs and feral pigs
- marker vaccine: a vaccine that can elicit a protective immunity distinguishable from the immune response elicited by the natural infection with the wild type virus by means of laboratory tests
- Definition of Aujeszky disease infection free swine herd
- no vaccination: 12 m
- no infection: 2 years
- epidemiological conditions (e.g. isolation, controlled movements, laboratory examinations, records)
- testing of all breeding sows and boars and representative sample of fattening pigs
- insemination or natural breeding with negative semen/boars
