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Min/Pet > Min/Pet Exam 1 > Flashcards

Min/Pet Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common mineral group?

A

feldspars

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2
Q

What is the chemical composition of quartz?

A

SiO2

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3
Q

Minerology

A

concerned with identification, classification, and formation of minerals

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4
Q

Petrology

A

concerned with identification, composition, formation, processes, and global distribution of rocks

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5
Q

Where was the second largest diamond found?

A

Botswana

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6
Q

Raw diamond is often found in…

A

kimberlite

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7
Q

The Hope Diamond is 1/2 part per million of…

A

boron

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8
Q

Between Jadeite and Nephrite, which mineral is harder?

A

Jadeite

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9
Q

What mineral makes up rubies and sapphires?

A

corundum

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10
Q

Industrial minerals

A

useful minerals and rocks that are not used as a source of metals or energy

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11
Q

Beneficiation

A

process in which rocks are separated and valuable minerals are concentrated

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12
Q

2/3 of the world’s cobalt comes from which country?

A

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

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13
Q

What are independent miners often referred to as?

A

artisanal miners

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14
Q

What is the biggest issue people and corporations have with the mining in DRC?

A

child labor

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15
Q

Which country manufactures the most batteries?

A

China

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16
Q

Rocks are made of _______ and minerals are made of _______.

A

minerals, elements

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17
Q

92% of Earth’s Crust is composed of _______ minerals.

A

silicate

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18
Q

Xenoliths

A

chunk of mantle brought up by magma on its way to the surface

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19
Q

Most important elements in forming rocks:

A

O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, K, Fe

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20
Q

Siderophile

A

iron-loving elements

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21
Q

Lithophile

A

rock-loving (often bond with silicates)

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22
Q

Why is there a lot of iron still in the crust?

A

meteors and leftovers from differentiation

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23
Q

1/5 of the world’s high grade nickel is controlled by who?

A

Russia

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24
Q

By how much will the electric grid have to expand to sustain the goal amount of EV’s?

A

2x

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25
Q

Battery and mineral supply will need to expand by how much to meet new demand?

A

10x

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26
Q

Which rare earth element is used to create vibrations?

A

neodymium

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27
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition (can vary slightly) and a crystalline structure

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28
Q

Is water ice a mineral?

A

yes

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29
Q

Mineraloid

A

amorphous or organic, but satisfy every other characteristic of being a mineral (i.e. opal, jet, amber, pearl)

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30
Q

Silicate

A

have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their structural unit

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31
Q

Oxide

A

contain oxygen but not SiO

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32
Q

Carbonate

A

contain CO

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33
Q

Phosphate

A

contain PO

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34
Q

Sulfide

A

contains S but not SO

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35
Q

What two categories are rare earth metals divided into?

A

light and heavy

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36
Q

China is dominant in processing REE’s, but who was before the 1980’s?

A

U.S.

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37
Q

3 most important metals in magnets:

A

neodymium, dysprosium, terbium

38
Q

What has China done to clean up pollution?

A

shut down illegal mines, replanted vegetation, cleaned lakes used for beneficiation, installed wastewater treatment facilities, reduced erosion, etc.

39
Q

Where do you find REE’s on the periodic table?

A

Lanthanide Series

40
Q

REE’s are important for what features in your phone?

A

color screen, glass polishing, circuitry, speakers, vibration unit

41
Q

Halides

A

contain Cl, F, I, or Br

42
Q

Native elements

A

contain Au, Ag, Cu

43
Q

Assay

A

the chemical analysis or testing of an alloy ore

44
Q

Ore Grade

A

concentration of economic mineral or metal in an ore deposit

45
Q

What can lithium be used for besides batteries?

A

shock-resistant glass and mood stabilizers

46
Q

Beneath the salt flats of Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia is ____.

A

lithium-rich groundwater

47
Q

____ was the primary source of lithium before the 1990’s

A

pegmatite

48
Q

McDermitt Caldera collects ____layers of ash with lithium

A

clay

49
Q

A typical electric car has ____ pounds of lithium carbonate

A

44

50
Q

Lithium is often mined by pumping ____ from underground

A

brine

51
Q

Celestite is a…

A

sulfate

52
Q

CO3 ^2-

A

carbonate

53
Q

SiO4 ^4-

A

silicate

54
Q

SO4 ^2-

A

sulfate

55
Q

PO4 ^3-

A

phosphate

56
Q

OH ^-

A

hydroxide

57
Q

Van der Waals bonds

A

bonds between molecules, makes minerals like graphite and talc very soft

58
Q

Metallic bonds

A

permit electron flow, makes metals malleable, good conductors

59
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

very weak bonds ,found in water and generally polar molecules

60
Q

Tectosilicates

A

1:2 ratio; quartz, feldspar

61
Q

____ was in competition with silicon to be in electronics

A

germanium

62
Q

Ultra pure quartz is created in ____ made with ultrapure quartz to maintain purity

A

crucibles

63
Q

Santa Clara Valley is also known as

A

Silicon Valley

64
Q

Nesosilicates

A

Si:O ratio 1:4, olivine, garnet, zircon

65
Q

Sorosilicates

A

Si:O ratio 2:7; epidote

66
Q

Inosilicates

A

single chain– 1:3 ratio; pyroxenes
double chain– 4:11 ratio; amphiboles (hornblende), cummintonite

67
Q

Cyclosilicates

A

1:3 ratio; beryl, tourmaline

68
Q

Phyllosilicates

A

2:5 ratio; talc, micas

69
Q

What is the name of the mineral ore of tin?

A

cassiterite

70
Q

Tin is used primarily for…

A

soldering

71
Q

What industry is impacted the most by Bangka’s rezoning of mining?

A

fishing

72
Q

How is cassiterite mined?

A

dredging sand from the ocean

73
Q

Mineralization

A

how minerals form

74
Q

Low temp. and pressure precipitation from fluids

A

shallow crust, surface water bodies, sedimentary cementation, diagenesis

75
Q

High temp. and pressure precipitation from fluids

A

deep fractures, volcanic systems

76
Q

Meteoric water

A

groundwater formed from recent atmospheric precipitation

77
Q

Connate water

A

water trapped in the pores of a rock during formation of the rock

78
Q

Magmatic water

A

water associated with magma

79
Q

Metamorphic water

A

water given off, or squeezed out of metamorphosing rock

80
Q

Water is a…

A

polar solvent

81
Q

Polymetallic nodules have which elements?

A

manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper

82
Q

Hydrogenous processes

A

metal compounds sinking through water are precipitated

83
Q

Diagenetic processes

A

growth occurs within sediments, metal compounds are already present

84
Q

Hot debate between Baron and activists:

A

whether there is life in the CCZ (Clarion Clipperton Zone)

85
Q

Porphyry ore deposits

A

magmatic water from below

86
Q

Gossan

A

pyrite near the surface oxidizes in to insoluble Fe like limonite and geothite

87
Q

Leach Zone

A

leaches sulfur, water becomes sulfuric acid, dragging Cu, Ag, and Au down towards oxide zone

88
Q

Oxide Zone

A

oxides, sulfates, and carbonates form (malachite, azurite, cuprite, smithsonite, pyromorphite)

89
Q

Water Table

A

anoxic environment, dominated by magmatic water, forms sulfides

90
Q

Hypogene

A

primarily magmatic, not as good at concentrating, lower grade ores to the bottom

Min/Pet (1 decks)

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