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ENT > Min Criteria > Flashcards

Min Criteria Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of Diffuse Otitis Externa

A
  • Earache
  • Ear congestion (+ hearing loss)
  • External part of ear is painful (esp tragus)
  • Discharge + Itching
  • Fever is uncommon
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2
Q

Clinical Findings of Diffuse Otitis Externa

A
  • Swelling + Hyperemia of skin of the Ear Canal
  • Serous or Purulent Discharge
  • Accumulation of Debris in Ear Canal
  • Tympanic Membrane is normal
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3
Q

Symptoms of Acute Otitis Media (Suppurative Form)

A
  • Earache
  • Nasal Discharge, Congestion
  • Fever + Malaise
  • Hearing Loss
  • if Perforation –> otorrhea
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4
Q

Clinical Findings of AOM

A
  • Ear Canal Normal
  • Hyperemia of Tympanic Membrane
  • Marked Bulging of the Tympanic Membrane (spont perforation
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5
Q

Causes of Acute Hearing Loss

A

CONDUCTIVE TYPE:

  • wax/foreign body
  • Acute Tubal Occlusin/ Otitis Media
  • Trauma (perf of tymapnic membrane)

SENSIONEURAL TYPE:

  • Noise induced
  • Viral + Vascular
  • Toxical Damage (meds/chemical) + Traumas
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6
Q

What to do in case of Acute Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A
  • IV nootropic/vasodilating therapy
  • Steroid bolus treatment + hospitilization
  • investigate
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7
Q

Recognition of Hearing Loss in Childhood

A
  • New born doesn’t react to sounds
  • They cry weirdly
  • babbling period doesn’t occur
  • speech development is delayed
  • articulation diorders
  • worse reading + writing skills
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8
Q

Causes of Ear Pain

A

PRIMARY OTALGIA:

  • Otitis
  • Tumours

REFERRED EAR PAIN:

  • Tumours/Inflmm –> Larynx/Pharynx/Tonsils/Base of Tongue
  • Dental Inflmm
  • TMJ syndrome
  • Neuralgic Pain
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9
Q

Complications of Acute Otitis Media (AOM)

A 
I: EXTRACRANIAL
 A/ Intratemporal:
 - Acute Mastoiditis
 - Zygomaticitis, Petrositis 
 - Labyrinthitis
 - Facial N Palsy
 B/ Extratemporal:
 - Absecess (subperiosteal/Preauricular/suboccipital)
II: INTRACRANIAL
 - Extradural Absecess/ Subdural/ Brain
 - Sinus Phlebitis
 - Meningitis/Encephalitis
III: GENERAL: Sepsis
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10
Q

Clinical Features + Symptoms of Acute Mastoiditis

A
  • Pinna outward
  • Pulsating, severe pain + Pulsating Otorrhea
  • Retroauricular Pain (erythemia)
  • Post wall of ear canal is swollen
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11
Q

Causes of Unilateral Otitis Media With Effusion (OME) In Adults and Children

A
  • Chronic Dysfunction of Eustachian Tube (Adenoid/Nasopharyngeal tumour)
  • in adults do not forget Nasopharyngeal Tumour
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12
Q

How to diagnose Vertigo caused by Vestibular Disorders

A

I: PATIENT HISTORY
-type of vertigo (sensation of spinning or falling)
-vegatitive symptoms/ nausea/vomitting
II: EXAMINATION
-deviation, tilting
-spontaneous Nystagmus/provoked by head movement

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13
Q

Causes of Peripheral Facial Palsy

A
  • Bell’s Palsy
  • Herpes Zoster Oticus
  • Other viral/bacterial infections (HSV/EBV/Lymes)
  • Acute + Chronic Middle ear infections
  • Tumours of the Pontocerebellar angle, Vestibular Schwannoma
  • Cranial Traums/Extratemporal Traumas
  • Malignant tumours of the parotid
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14
Q

Primary Management of Epistaxis

A
  • ptnt learn forward with mouth open with pressure on both nasal alae for 10mins
  • ephedrine applied to nasal cavity
  • cold compress should be applied to the nape of the neck/nasal dorsum
  • blood pressure mx (anti-ht if needed)
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15
Q

Management of Epistaxis by ENT professionals

A

-blood pressure measurement (anti-ht if needed)

-Visible bleeding source:
> chemical cauterization (silver nitrate)
> coagulation (bipolar electrocoag)

  • ANT NASAL BLEEDING: ant nasal packing
  • POST NASAL Bleeding: post nasal packing (bellocq tamponade)/ Balloon catheter
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16
Q

Management + Complication of Nasal Folliculitis + Furuncles

A

Circumscript Folliculitis:

  • local therapy: Abx/Steroin containing creams + vapour coverage
  • *don’t pick or squeeze

Furuncle/Pheegmone: - parentral Abx + vapour coverage

***USUALLY STAPH A

Compications:

  • Facial Phlegmone
  • Angular Veins Thrombophlebitis
  • Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
17
Q

Types of Rhinitis

A

Common infections: Simple Acute Rhinitis/ Purulent

Specific Forms: - TB/ Syphilis/ Sarcoidosis

Allergic rhinitis
Atrophic rhinitis (oezena)
Rhinitis Sicca Anterior

-Other causes:
Idiopathic/vasomotoric/hormona/drug induced

18
Q

Clinical Features + Management of Angioedema

A

Symptoms:

  • uritcaria + edema in hand/neck region
  • dysphagia/ globus feeling of visible swelling in throat - choking
  • severe: anaphylaxis

Tx:
- anti his + steroids + adrenaline + maintain freeairways (cricothryotomy/tracheotomy)

19
Q

Complications of Paranasal Sinus Infections

A

Extracranial Complications: (POOS)

  • Periorbital Cellulitis
  • Orbital Phlegmone/Abscess
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Sepsis

Intracranial:

  • Menigitis
  • Epi/Subdural/Brain Abscess, Encephelitis
  • Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
20
Q

Where does the patient localize the pain in the cases of frontal/maxillary/ethmoidal/sphenoidol sinusitis

A

Frontal - forehead
Maxillary - Face
Ethmoidal - between eyes
Sphenoid - crown of head (occipital area referral)

All cause diffuse Headaches

21
Q

Causes of Unilateral nasal obstruction and discharge in Childhood and Adulthood

A

Childhood: (FSNC)

  • Foreign Body
  • Sinusitis
  • Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
  • Congenital Malformation (choanal atresia, meningoencephalocele)

Adulthood:

  • Nasopharyngeal Tumours
  • Deviation of Nasal Septum
  • Hypertrophy of Septum
  • Trauma
  • Nasal cavity obstructing diseases (polyps, benign, malignant)
  • rhinosinusitis
22
Q

ENT diseases causes Headache

A
  • Viral Infection of the Upper Airways
  • Inflammation of Nasal Sinus/ Benign + Malignant tumours of Nasal Sinuses
  • Neuralgias
  • Cervical: vertebral disorders/Spondylosis/Myalgia
  • Complications of otitis/sinusitis: mastoiditis/meningitis/abscess
  • Pain of TMJ
23
Q

Most Frequent causes of Dyphagia

A
  • GERD
  • Globus Feeling (psychogenic disordersÖ
  • Inflammation/Tumours in the Mesopharyngeal/Hypopharyngeal/Laryngeal
  • Neuralgia (9/10)
  • Sensorial/Motor Innervation Disorders (sensorial disorders in supraglottical region)
  • Foreign Body (Hypopharnyx + eso)
  • Esophageal motility disorders/Achalasia
  • Diverticulum (zenker)
  • Stenosis
24
Q

Indications of Tonsillectomy (absolute + relative)

A

Absolute:

  • Rhematic Fever
  • Peritonsillar abscess
  • Tonsilogenic Sepsis

Relative:

  • Chronic/Recurrent Tonsillitis
  • Tonsillogenic/Posttonsillitis Focal Symptoms
  • Hypertrophy of Tonsils
  • Tumour
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Severe Orofacial/Dental Disorders causing narrow Upper Airways
25
Q

Clinical Features and Symptoms of Peritonsillar Abscess

A
  • Throat Pain (referred to ear)
  • Difficulty in Swalling
  • Trismus (thick, indistinct speech)
  • Oral Fetor
  • Fever, Insomnia, loss of apeptite
  • Swelling + redness + protrusion of the tonsil, palate, uvula (uvula pushed to the healthy side)
26
Q

Peritonisillar Abscess Treatment

A

1) Drainage of the Abscess (Punct- incision - daily opening of the abscess cavity)
2) Tonsillectomy (6 weeks after recovery)
3) ABX, Decrease Edema, Analgesics, Admin of Fluids

27
Q

Clinical Features, Symptoms and Complications of Para- and retropharyngeal Abscesses

A

Symptoms:

  • throat + neck pain, foreign body sensation
  • difficultivity in swallowing + trismus, torticollosis
  • Swelling of the lateral or posterior pharnygeal wall
  • larnygeal/oropharyngeal edema

Complications:

  • Oropharnygeal + Larnygeal Edema
  • Sepsis
  • Mediastinitis
  • Choking
28
Q

Pathogens of Tonsillitis, Pharnygitis and Antibiotic Treatment

A

Viral (80/90%):
- adenovirus/rhinovirus/EBV

Bacterial:

  • strep pyogeneis (follicular tonsillitis)
  • Group C + G Strep
  • Mycoplasma/ Chlamydia/ Neisseria

ABX:
bact infxn - Physical finding/crp/esr/rapid bacteriological test
acute or chronic infection
immunosuppression

29
Q

Precancerous Lesions of the Oral Cavity + Oropharynx

A
  • Erythroplakia
  • Leukoplakia
  • lichen planus
  • naevus
  • spongiosus albus mucosae
30
Q

Causes of Chronic Hoarseness (why is it necessary to visit an ENT specialist after 3 weeks of hoarseness)

A
  • Acute/Chronic Inflmm of Larnyx
  • Benign Laryngeal Lesions (Cysts, Granulation, Reinke Edema, Polyps)
  • Malignant Larnygeal lesions
  • Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Paresis (hypopharnygeal, thyroid,eso,pul, mediastinal cancer)
  • GERD

Important to dx malignant quick

31
Q

Symptoms of Laryngeal +Hypopharnygeal Cancers

A
  • Hoarseness
  • Dyspnea + Dsyphagia
  • reffered ear pain
  • globus feeling
  • hemoptoe
  • loss of body weight
  • neck lump
32
Q

Swollen Neck LN - causes

A

-Non Specific Inflmm (upper resp tract infxn)

  • Speciific:
  • bacterial: TB, Syphilis, Cat Scratch, Tularemia
  • Protozoal: Toxoplasmosis
  • Viral: HIV infection
  • Non infectious: Sarcoidosis
  • Lymphomas
  • Met of HnN cancer
33
Q

Evaluation of Neck Lumps - Dx Steps

A
  1. patient history (duration of symptoms, urti, dysphagia, hoarseness)
  2. ENT exam (localization, consistency, sensibility, relation to surr structures)
  3. Blood Tests: inflmm markers
  4. Imaging Modalities (US/CT/MRI)
  5. US Guided FNAB (only exise if reveals to be a lymphoma)
34
Q

Causes of Dyspnea in Upper Respiratory tract

A
  • infections (tonsillitis, epiglottis, larnygitis)
  • lumps (abscess, grranulation, malignacies)
  • allergy, reinke edema, Hereditory angioneurotic edema
  • foreign bodies, stenosis
  • recurrent larnygeal n palsy
35
Q

Middle aged, smoker ptnt with unilateral ear pain, no disorders. what may be cause

A
  • hypopharnygeal (supraglottic/oropharyngeal less common) malignancies
  • symptom + tovacco – exam oral cavitz, oropharnyx, larynx and neck obligatory
36
Q

Management of Choking Patients

A
  1. Cricothrytomy:
    - cricothyroid ligament (above cricoid cartil) - transverse incision on the skin, pierce ligament (outer tube of a pen)
  2. Tracheatomy:
    - incision skin and platsyma, find isthmus of thyroid and 2nd or 3rd tracheal cartlig - make incision on the ant wall (child) or remove a part of cart (adult)

tube or cannula - maintain free airway

ENT (1 decks)

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