MILLS term 1 Flashcards
How many different ways does David Crystal believe that you can say yes
9
What are the 6 language levels?
- Discourse
- Lexis and Semantics
- Grammar and Morphology
- Pragmatics
- Graphology
- Prosodics and Phonetics
What does Discourse mean?
- The genre
- The type
- The form
- The context
It is what the text is and the format it is presented
What is Lexis and Semantics?
Words and their meanings, what group the word belongs in
What is Grammar and Morphology?
- Syntax
- Word class
- Word order
- Structural patterns
- Shaped of sentence, clauses and phrases
What does Pragmatics mean?
The practical applications and context of implied meanings
What does Graphology mean?
How the text looks •Bold •Underlined •Size •Italics •Colour •Font
What does the word affix mean?
To add a prefix or a suffix
What are morphemes?
Smaller units within a word
What is the name for smaller units with a word?
Morphemes
What is a free morpheme?
The root word. A word that can stand on its own
What is a bound morpheme?
A prefix is a suffix. A morpheme that only makes sense when it is attached to a free morpheme
What is deictic expression?
Understanding based on context
What is semantics?
Surface level meaning
How many women suffer from domestic violence in the UK according to the Royal Infirmary?
1/3
What percentage of domestic violence starts or worsens in pregnancy? According to whom?
30%
Lewis and Drife
How many women loose their job each year as a result of pregnancy discrimination?
30,000
What percentage of sports media is dedicated to women’s sport?
5%
What is sex?
The physical and biological characteristics that make you either male or female
What is Gender?
The behaviours, traits and activities that make you masculine or feminine
What is a marked term?
A profession or a state that anyone can do but when a woman does it they add the word ‘lady’ or ‘woman’ or ‘female’ before or after. Like a ‘lady doctor’
It mirrors societies hierarchical structure of stereotypical gender roles
What is semantic derogation?
Adding the suffixes ‘ess’ and ‘ette’. This overt marking conveys negative connotations to female kind
What is asymmetrical Lexis? And who researched this?
Lexical gender word pairs that have different connotations Wizard vs Witch Bachelor vs Spinster Cameron (1990) Mills (1995) Schulz (1975)
How many terms are there for a sexually promiscuous women compared to men?
Who discovered this?
Which gender has positive connotations of promiscuity and which gender has negative connotations
220 terms for a woman 20 terms for a man Mills (1995) and Stanley (1995) Men positive Women negative
What did Fairclough believe?
Give the year
Texts about gender should be read through a lease if that socio-culture
(1989)
Women only speak __% more than mean do according to _____ ____
0.11%
Janet Hyde
What is covert prestige?
Deliberately dumbing down your speech
What is overt prestige?
Talking up to sound more intellectual
What did Trudgill (1974) find about differences between gender speach
Men use Covert Prestige whereas women is Overt Prestige
What features does Lakoff (1975) believe characterise female talk?
•Tag questions
•Fillers
•Empty adjectives
•Precise colour terms such as taupe and ‘magenta’
•Standard grammar
•More polite forms than men (for example,
euphemisms are used more widely such as ‘powder my nose rather than go to the toilet.)
Avoidance of taboo lexis, opting for a weak
expletive e.g. ‘oh, sugar!
•Rising intonation on declaratives such as “it’s really amazing
•Emphatic stress on specific words ‘it’s a GORGEOUS dress’
What are Prosodics and Phonetics
- Tone
- Pitch
- Volume
- Speed
- rhythm
Ultimately it is how speech and sounds are articulated
