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psychology - social area > milgram + bocchiaro > Flashcards

milgram + bocchiaro Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the background of milgrams study?

A

based around adolf eichmanns trial - he claimed he only committed war crimes as he was being obedient to the nazis

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2
Q

what was the aim of milgrams study?

A

to investigate the process of obedience by testing how far ordinary americans would go in obeying and authority figure

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3
Q

what was the sample in milgrams study?

A

40 males
aged 20-50
from new haven and surrounding areas

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4
Q

what was the sampling method used in milgrams study?

A

self selected

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5
Q

how were participants recruited in milgrams study?

A

newspaper ads and direct mailings advertised a memory and learning study
they were offered $4.50 for taking part

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6
Q

what was the research method in milgrams study?

A

controlled observation

not an experiment as there was no IV

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6
Q

what were some controls in milgrams study?

A

-actors
-word pair test
-location, yale uni

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7
Q

what was the trial shock participants were given in milgrams study?

A

45v

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8
Q

why were participants given a trial shock in milgrams study?

A

to show the authenticity of the generator

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9
Q

what percentage of participants gave a shock of 450v in milgrams study?

A

65%

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10
Q

what percentage of participants have a shock of 300v in milgrams study?

A

100%

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11
Q

what percentage of participants dropped out of milgrams study before 450v?

A

35%

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12
Q

what voltages did the learner kick the wall in milgrams study?

A

300 v and 315 v

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13
Q

what were 2 qualitative findings in milgrams study?

A

-3 had uncontrollable seizures
-participants were observed to sweat, tremble, stutter, bite their lips, groan, dig their nails into their flesh etc

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14
Q

what were the prods used in milgrams study?

A
  1. ‘please continue’
  2. ‘the experiment requires that you continue’
  3. ‘it is absolutely essential that you continue’
  4. ‘you have no other choice, you must go on’
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15
Q

what were the conclusions in milgrams study?

A

-the situation produced strong tendencies to obey
-the situation generated extreme tension and emotional strain

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16
Q

discuss the ethics in milgrams study.

A

-participants consented but it was not informed
-they were deceived by being told it was a study on memory and learning
-they could withdraw - 35% did
-was confidential
-they were debriefed

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17
Q

discuss the validity in milgrams study.

A

face validity - could be argued that the study measures empathy or morals, not just obedience

ecological validity - not a real life scenario, happened it highly controlled conditions, but could be argued that it had some similarities to the nazi death camps

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18
Q

discuss reliability in milgrams study.

A

-highly replicable due to control and standardisation
-the way results were recorded could be done by anyone
-sample wasn’t large enough to see a consistent effect

19
Q

discuss usefulness and free will/determinism in milgrams study.

A

usefulness:
-shows how leaders and people in power can use their authority
-however there is no direct practical applications

free will/determinism:
-the 65% who went up to 450v had their behaviour determined
-however, 35% stopped before which showed how free will was a factor

20
Q

what is whistleblowing?

A

reporting wrongdoing to higher authorities

21
Q

what was the aims of bocchiaros study?

A

-to investigate if disobedient people/whistleblowers have different personality characteristics to those who obey
-to create a method of testing (paradigm) whistleblowing in a scientific way

22
Q

what was the sample of bocchiaros study?

A

-149 undergraduate student from VU university, amsterdam
-96 women, 53 men with a mean age of 20.8 years
-originally 160 but 11 were removed due to suspiciousness of the aim

23
Q

what was the sampling method in bocchiaros study?

A

self selected

24
Q

how was the sample recruited in bocchiaros study?

A

-fliers posted in the cafeteria at VU university
-received either 7 euros or course credit
-they were informed of the benefits/risks of taking part and assure of confidentiality and the right to withdraw

25
Q

evaluate the sample in bocchiaros study.

A

-was fairly large so a consistent effect could be seen
-sample only included student-not represenative?
-self selection could mean it was more representative, however could have felt more obliged to obey

26
Q

what were the pilot studies used for in bocchiaros study?

A

took place before the main research

a series of 8 studies took place to see if the study was credible, morally acceptable and standardised

27
Q

describe the procedure in bocchiaros study.

A

room 1 - participant meets a researcher in the lab of the university, researcher asked them to name 5 other students that they would attempt to convince to take part in the study, they were then given a cover story

room 2 - they were taken into a new room, sat in front of a computer and asked to write a statement to the fellow students, recommending the research (a study on sensory deprivation), there was also a form which allowed them to report the research to the ethics committee (this was whistleblowing)
the researcher left the room for 7 minutes

then the personality tests were carried out

last stage - they were given a full debrief and were told purposes, variables and hypothesis etc.
they were asked for consent for their data to be used and given an email address to direct questions or complaints around the study
they were also asked about suspiciousness of the aims

28
Q

how many students were asked to predict results in bocchiaros study?

A

138 uni students

29
Q

draw out the table of results for predictions made by the uni students in bocchiaros study.

A

what what
would would
you do others
do
obedient 3.6% 18.8%
diso 31.9% 43.9%
whistle 64.5% 37.3%
blower

30
Q

draw out the table of results from bocchiaros study.

A

obedient: 76.5% (114)
disobedient: 14.1% (21)
whistleblower: 9.4% (14)

31
Q

what is an anonymous whistleblower?

A

someone who completed the statement but also reported the research to the ethics committee

31
Q

what is an open whistleblower?

A

someone who didn’t complete the statement but reported the research to the ethics committee

32
Q

what were the two personality tests used in bocchiaros study?

A

HEXAC - PI - R

social value orientation game (SVO)

33
Q

what 6 personality traits were measured in the HEXACO - PI - R test?

A

honesty-humility, emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, concientiousness and openess to experience

34
Q

what were the three categories people could fall into on the SVO test?

A

prosocial
individualistic
competitive

35
Q

what were some qualitative finding in bocchiaros study?

A

obedient people:
‘it was expected of m, that’s why i continued’
‘that was the task, so i executed it’

disobedient people:
‘i disobeyed because i felt responsible towards friends’

36
Q

what were the conclusions in bocchiaros study?

A

-people are not good at predicting how they would respond to a request from an authority figure
-most people are likely to obey instructions given by an authority figure, even if it is immoral
-there are no personality differences between those who obey and those who disobey

37
Q

was there any significant differences between personality types in bocchiaros study?

A

there was no significant difference between groups in SVO or HEXACO-PI-R
no significant difference in relation to gender or religion
was a significant difference in terms of faith - whistle blowers had more faith

38
Q

discuss the ethics in bocchiaros study.

A
  • was confidential, consent was gained twice, they could have withdraw, they were debriefed
  • high levels of deception
39
Q

discuss the validity in bocchiaros study.

A

-ecological validity: may not represent a workplace whistleblowing situation as the people weren’t employed by those they were whistleblowing on
-5 people participants named may not have been friends so could be measuring something darker than obedience (face validity)

40
Q

discuss reliability in bocchiaros study.

A

-fairly large sample so could see a consistent effect
-all received the same cover story
-HEXACO-PI-R test had 10 statements for each 6 traits measured

41
Q

link free will/determinism and usefulness to bocchiaros study.

A

free will/determinism: most being obedient suggests the situation created determined behaviour, however 23.5% were not obedient so this could be evidence of free will

usefulness- suggests more negative practical applications than positive (employees are safe from whistleblowers)

42
Q

what were some similarities between milgram and bocchiaro?

A

-participants gathered through self - selection (newspaper ads and direct mailings in milgram and fliers in the cafe in bocchiaro)
-participants were paid ($4.50 in milgram and 7 euros or course credit in bocchiaro)
-both took place in a laboratory in a university (yale in milgram and VU, amsterdam in bocchiaro)
-high levels of deception in both studies

43
Q

what were some differences between milgram and bocchiaro?

A

—milgrams sample was 40 males, bocchiaros was 96 women and 53 men
-bocchiaros involved potentially harming a friend, milgrams involved a stranger
-in bocchiaros study, they could whistleblow anonymously, but in milgrams, if they wanted to be disobedient, they had to alert the researcher

psychology - social area (3 decks)

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