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Psychology PY2 > Milgram > Flashcards

Milgram Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Milgrams aim?

A

To find out whether people would obey authroity and why would they obey when they knew their actions were morally wrong

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2
Q

How can Milgrams study be placed in a historical context?

A

Many studies carried out after WW2, psychologists were keen to prevent events like Holocaust from happening again as they felt these happened due to obeying authority

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3
Q

How can Milgrams study be placed in an academic context?

A

A case study of Eichmann - nazi responsible for transportation of Jews to death camps. Trial in Israel in 1961 revealed he wasn’t evil but had just followed orders. By 1944 he’d overseen 6 million deaths of Jews. Milgram wanted to test to see if people had authoritarian personalities

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4
Q

What was Milgram’s research method?

A

Observation under controlled conditions

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5
Q

What sampling method was used?

A

Volunteer

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6
Q

How many pps were there and were they male or female?

A

40 males

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7
Q

What were the pps told the research was about?

A

Memory

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8
Q

How much were the pps paid?

A

$4.50

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9
Q

What were the pps education?

A

Very low level to doctorate (Phd)

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10
Q

How many people were involved in the research at one time?

A

3

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11
Q

What were the 3 people involved in the research?

A

Genuine pps - teacher
Confederate 47y/o accountant - learner
Confederate 31 y/o biology teacher - experimenter

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12
Q

What did the teacher and learner have to draw?

A

Rigged lots

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13
Q

How many shocks were the teacher given to make sure they thought it was real?

A

45 volts

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14
Q

How many switches did the shock generator have?

A

30

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15
Q

How much did each switch rise by every time?

A

15 volts

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16
Q

After how many volts did the learner go quiet?

A

315 volts

17
Q

How did Milgram address some ethical issues?

A

By debriefing his pps straight after the research, explaining shocks were fake afterwards and ensuring pps were in a state of well being before they left the lab

18
Q

Before the study how many psychology students thought only 0-3% of pps would give 450 volts?

A

14

19
Q

What % of pps went up to the full 450 volts?

A

65%

20
Q

What % stopped before the 450 volts?

A

35%

21
Q

How many pps withdrew at 300 volts?

A

5

22
Q

How many pps withdrew at 315 volts?

A

4

23
Q

At how many volts did 2 pps withdraw at?

A

330

24
Q

How many pps withdrew at 345, 360 and 375 volts?

A

1

25
Q

What did many pps show whilst doing the research?

A

Extreme stress

26
Q

How many pps had seizures?

A

3

27
Q

What were the 2 things that Milgram found once he’d debriefed his pps?

A
  • they felt extremely stressed

- on a 14 point scale (14 extremely painful) the pps modal answer to how painful do you think the shocks were, was 14

28
Q

What were the 5 things Milgram concluded from his research?

A
  • people obey due to situation
  • people obeyed because they were in a prestigious uni (Yale)
  • people obeyed because they felt obliged
  • people obeyed because they didnt want to disrupt the research
  • pps tension arose due to not wanting to harm the learner and wanting to obey
29
Q

Was reliability a strength for Milgram?

A

Yes - scientific, could be repeated

Allowed Milgram to repeat it again changing just one variable e.g. females

30
Q

Was validity a strength for Milgram?

A

No - carried out in artificial conditions

31
Q

Was Milgrams sample strong?

A

No - pps were all male and from one town - cannot generalise. However he later used females and found the same % obeyed strengthening his original study

32
Q

What data was collected from Milgrams study?

A

Both - quantitative - enables comparisons & qualitative - adds depth

33
Q

What were the 3 problems for Milgram in terms of ethics?

A

Pps didnt give informed consent
Not protected from harm
Milgram made it difficult for them to withdraw

34
Q

What evidence is there to support Milgram and how?

A

Eichmann - executed after being found guilty of transportation of Jews. He wasn’t evil just followed orders. This evidence supports Milgram because 65% gave shocks because they were following orders. However this supporting evidence is limited because there was only 1 pp - eichmann - difficult to generalise. Horizons evidence supported Milgrams as they found 75% obeyed.

35
Q

Who else’s research supports Milgram and how?

A

Hofling - found high levels of obedience in a hospital. Nurses were phoned to give double doses of drugs to patients - 95% obeyed. This supports because both found people obey authority

36
Q

Whose evidence challenges Milgrams and how?

A

Rank and Jacobson - found 89% of nurses didn’t give patients Valium after being told to by a doctor. This rejects MIlgrams study, however this study is lower in reliability as it wasn’t carried out in controlled conditions

Psychology PY2 (10 decks)

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