Mild/Moderate Hospital Problems Flashcards
What is pain?
A description of a subjective perception of distress
What are the two types of pain?
Acute vs Chronic
What is acute pain?
Pain duration that is under 6 months
What is chronic pain?
Episodic pain that is longer than 6 months
What are the four locations of pain?
- Cutaneous
- Visceral
- Somatic
- Neuropathic
What is cutaneous pain?
Localized on the skin or surface of the body
What is visceral pain?
Poorly localized pain that is associated with internal organs
What is somatic pain?
Non localized; orignates in muscle, bone, nerves, blood vessels, and supporting tissue
What is neuropathic pain?
Pain associated with nerve pathway injury or compression
WHO’s ladder of pain management definition
A three-step progressive ladder that starts with ASA, APAP, or a NSAID and progressively continues in three steps with heavier narcotics added while maintaining the initial ASA, APAP, or NSAID
What medications are part of WHO’s step one pain management ladder?
- ASA
- APAP
- NSAID
- Adjuvants
What medications are part of Who’s step two pain management ladder?
- Codeine
- hydrocodone
- Oxycodone
- Dihydrocodeine
- Tramadol
- Adjuvants
What medications are part of WHO’s step three pain management ladder?
- Morphine
- Hydromorphone
- Methadone
- Levorphanol
- Fentanyl
- Oxycodone
- Nonopioid analgesics
- Adjuvants
What medication is typical used for cancer pain?
Fentanyl patches
What pain medication is used in metastatic bone pain management?
Biphosphonates
Whs
What are characteristics of a stage one pressure injury?
Intact skin with erythema that does not blanch
What are pressure ulcers?
Any lesions caused by unrelieved external pressure resulting in occlusion of blood flow, tissue ischemia, and cell death
What are characteristics of a stage two pressure injury?
Partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis
What are characteristics of a stage three pressure injury?
Full-thickness skin loss with adipose tissue still present
What are characteristics of a stage four pressure injury?
Full-thickness skin and tissue loss with exposed, palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone in the ulcer
What are characteritics of a unstageable pressure injury?
Full-thickness skin and tissue loss and the wound is eschared leaving it unable to stage the wound as a three or four
What are characteristics of a deep tissue pressue injury?
Intact or non-intact skin with localized area of persistent non-blanachable deep red, maroon, purple discolaration or epidermal seperation
What is a fever?
A temperature above 37 C
What are 3 causes of a fever?
- Infection
- Autoimmune disease (SLE, arteritis)
- CNS disease
- Malignant neoplastic disease
- Hematologic disease
- Cardiovascular disease
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Endocrine disease
- Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome
Fever management
- Antimicrobials
- Antipyretics
- Treat underlying condition
Causes of non-infectious postoperative fever
- Postoperative atelectasis
- Increased basal metabolic rate
- Dehydration
- Drug reactions
Causes of infectious postopertative fever
- WBC with left shift
- Surgical incision
- IV site
- Point of entry for any catheter
- Urinary tract
- Lungs
- Siniusitis
- Abscess
Initial treatment of postoperative fever
Fluids and lung expansion
Management of postoperative fever
- Fluids
- Acetaminophen
- Treat the underlying source
- C&S all invasive lines and catheters as indicated
Clinical observations of malnutrtion
- Hair not easily plucked
- Musculature
- Clear nail beds free of ridges
- PMMM
Complications of Enteral Nutrtional Support
- Aspiration
- Diarrhea
- Emesis
- GI Bleeding
- Mechanical obstruction of tube
- Hypernatremia
- Dehydration
- Refeeding syndrome
What is Refeeding Syndrome?
- Hypophosphatemia
- Hypokalemia
- Hypomagnesmia
- Hypocalcemia
- Thiamine deficiency
Complications of parenteral nutritional support?
- Pneumothorax
- Hemothorax
- Arterial laceration
- Air emboli
- Catherter thrombosis
- Catheter sepsis
- Hyperglycemia
- HHS
What is included in gastrointestinal decontamination?
- Gastric Lavage
- Activated charcoal
- Cathartics (Sorbitol)
- Whole bowel irrigation
- Antidotes
What are the different types of drug intoxication?
- Acetaminophen
- Salicylate
- Organophophate
- Antidepressent
- Opioid
- Benzodiazepine
- Beta Blocker
- Antifreeze
Signs and symptoms of acetaminophen overdose
- Asymptomatic
- Nausea/Vomiting
- RUQ pain
- Signs of hepatotoxicity
Manamgement of acetaminophen overdose
- Activated charcoal
- Mucomyst
Signs and symptoms of ASA overdose
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Tinnitus
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Dehydration
- Hyperthermia
- Apnea
- Cyanosis
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Elevated LFTs
Management of ASA overdose
- Activated charcoal
- Sodium bicarbonate
Signs and symptoms of insectiside poisoning
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Cramping
- Diarrhea
- Excessive salvation
- Headache
- Blurred vision
- Miosis
- Bradycardia
- Mental Confusion
- Slurred Speech
- Coma
Managment of Insecticide poisoning
- Activated Charcoal
- Atropine
Signs and symptoms of antidepressent toxicity
- Confusion
- Hallucination
- Blurred vision
- Urinary retention
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Dysrhythmias
- Hypothermia
- Seizure
Management for antidepressent toxicity
- Admit to ICU
- Activated charcoal
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Benzodiazepine IV
- Dantrolene for SS
- Cooling blankets
Signs and symptoms of opioid toxicity
- Drowsiness
- Hypothermia
- Respiratory depression
- Shallow respirations
- Miosis
- Coma
Managment of opioid toxicity
- Activated charcoal
- Naloxone
Managment of benzodiazepine overdose
- Respiratory and blood pressue support
- Romazicon
- Activated Charcoal
Signs and symptoms of benzodiapine overdose
- Drowsiness
- Confusion
- Slurred speech
- Respiratory depression
- Hyporeflexia
Signs and symptoms of beta blocker overdose
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Delirum
- Coma
- Bronchospasm
Management of beta-blocker overdose
- Activated charcoal
- Glucagon
- Atropine
- Airway Managment
Antifreeze overdose stage one
- Loss of cordination
- Headache
- Slurred speech
- Nausea/vomiting
Antifreeze overdose stage two
- Irregular heartbeat
- Shallow breathing
- Changes in blood pressure
Antifreeze overdose stage three
- Kidney failure
Management of antifreeze overdose
- Antizol
- Ethanol only if antizol is not available
What is Compartment Syndrome?
Increased interstitial pressure within a closed fascial compartment resulting from hemorrhage, edema, sustained external pressure or constrictive cast
Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome
- Severe ischemic pain
- Tensely swlloen
- Skin perfusion
- Parasthesia
- Muscle is painful
- Progressive loss of sensory/motor function
Diagnostics for compartment syndrome
Stryket tonometer reading is greater than 30 mm Hg
Managment of compartment syndrome
Release constricting appliances
Fasciotomy if performed within a first few hours of developing compartment syndrome
General pearls to bites
- All bites can lead to inefction
- High-pressure irrigation is indicated to reduce possibility for infection
- Confirm if the animal has rabies or not
- XRAY
- Primary closure of wound
- Wounds on the hand or lower extremity is left open to heal by secondary intention
- Plastics consult
- 3 to 7 day prophylatic antimicrobial coverage for all bites
General approach to managing infections
PSSP
- Establish **presence **of infection
- Establish severity of infection
- Establish site of infection
- Determine likely **pathogen **
Types of G+ bacteria
- Staphylococcus
- Streptococci
- Enterococci
- Bacilli
- Corynebacterium