Mild Diseases

Question 1

Glucose Reabsorption

Answer 1

Tubular reabsorption of glucose is by active transport in response to the body’s need to maintain an adequate concentration of glucose. Should the blood level of glucose become elevated “hyperglycemia”, in diabetes mellitus to the tubular transport of glucose has reached its renal threshold and glucose appears in the urine

Question 2

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 2

Hormones secreted by the placenta block the action of insulin, resulting in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

Impacts welfare of the baby; glucose crosses the placenta whereas insulin does not. The excess glucose presented to the baby is stored as fat, resulting in a large baby at risk for obesity and later type II diabetes.
Women who have gestational diabetes are also prone to developing type II diabetes mellitus in later years

Question 3

Glycosuria

Answer 3

Occurs in the absence of hyperglycemia when the reabsorption of glucose by the renal tubules is compromised. This is frequently referred to as “renal glycosuria” and is seen in end stage renal disease

Question 4

Galactosemia

Answer 4

An inborn error of metabolism involving galactose found in newborns that lack the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase.

Question 5

Hematuria

Answer 5

Most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or damage to the organs of the systems, mostly caused by:

renal calculi, glomerular diseases, tumors, trauma, pyelonephritis, exposure to toxic chemicals, and anticoagulant therapy

Question 6

Hemoglobinuria

Answer 6

Lysis of red blood cells in the urine usually shows a mixture of hemoglobinuria and hematuria, whereas no red blood cells are seen in cases of intravascular hemolysis; reabsorption of hemoglobin creates large yellow brown granules of denatured ferritin called hemosiderin in the renal tubular epithelial cells

Question 7

Myoglobinuria

Answer 7

The heme portion of myoglobin is toxic to the renal tubules and high concentrations can cause acute renal failure

Question 8

Urobilinogen

Answer 8

Appears in the urine because as it circulates in the blood back to the liver, it passes through the kidney and is filtered by the glomerulus