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RES anatomy part 2 > MIKE RES > Flashcards

MIKE RES Flashcards

1
Q

List of hyoid bones

A 
Thyrohyoid bone
Keratohyoid bone
Epihyoid bone
Stylohyoid bone
Tympanohyoid cartilage
Basihyoid bone
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2
Q

Hierarchy of words for larynx area

A 
Cricoid
Thyroid 
Arytenoid
Hyoid
Epiglottis

Cats Tripped At Happy Easter

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3
Q

List the four main cartilages

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid

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4
Q

List the four main processes of the Arytenoid cartilage

A

Cuneiform proces
Corniculate process
Muscular process
Vocal Process

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5
Q

List the three articulations of the thyroid cartilage and explain movement

A

Cricothyroid
Cricoarytenoid
Thyrohyoid

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6
Q

List the 4 main ligaments of the larynx

A

Vestibular ligament
Vocal ligament
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricotracheal ligament

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7
Q

Name the 3 folds and ventricle of the larynx

A

Aryepiglottic fold
Vestibular fold
Lat.ventricle
vocal fold

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8
Q

List the 4 sections of the larynx

A

Aditus laryngis
Vestibule
Rima glottidis
Infraglottic cavity

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9
Q

List the three extrinsic muscles and what the overall fx is

A

Overall fx = deglutition
Thyrohyoid m
Hypoepiglottic m
Geniohyoid m

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10
Q

List the five intrinsic muscles

A 
Adductors (close glottis)
Cricothyroid
Lateral cricoartenoid
Transverse arytenoid 
Thyroarytenoid

Abductors (open glottis)
- Dorsal cricoarytenoid

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11
Q

Cricothyroid m

A

Intrinsic adductor
Ori- lat cricoid
Ins- lat thyroid
Fx- tenses vocal fold preventing abduction

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12
Q

Lateral cricoartenoid m

A

Intrinsic adductor
Ori- lat ros cricoid
Ins- muscular process arytenoid
Fx- ventral edge arytenoid = adduct vocal cords

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13
Q

Transverse arytehoid m

A

Intrinsic adductor
Ori + ins = strap over dorsally, arytenoid mus process to bus process
Fx= close/fine tunes

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14
Q

Thyroarytenoid m

A

Intrinsic adductor
Dog/horse = divided into ventricular (ros) and vocalis (caud)
Ori = epiglottis + thyroid (midline)

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15
Q

Dorsal cricoarytenoid m

A

Intrinsic abductors
Ori - on cricoid
Ins - muscular process of arytenoid

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve does innervation of the larynx come from and the two main branches

A

Vagus n. —> cranial laryngeal n and caudal laryngeal n (arises from recurrent laryngeal n).

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17
Q

Recurrent laryngeal pathway, left vs right

A

L = around the aortic arch, goes up ventral groove between trachea and oesophagus

R = around R subclavian a. Continues up the dorsalateral trachea

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18
Q

Roaring in horses

A

Left recurrent laryngeal hemiplegia
dorsal cricoarytenoid m. (Only abductor)
Surgery correction

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19
Q

Caudal laryngeal n. Fx

A 
Motor innervation for all intrinsic mm except cricothyroid
Lateral cricoartenoid m
Transverse arytenoid m 
Thyroarytenoid m
Dorsal cricoarytenoid m
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20
Q

Cranial laryngeal n. Fx

And branches

A

Internal Cranial Laryngeal n
sensory to mucosa
External canal laryngeal n
- motor to cricothyroid

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21
Q

Microanatomy of trachea

A

Mucosa ( epi= pseudostratified columnar ciliated + goblet cells) (lamina propria = loose, vascular connective tissue) (mucosa cilia elevator)
Submucosa (seromucous tracheal glands)
Musculo - cartilaginous
Adventitia

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22
Q

Two sectioning of larynx

A

Cervical
oesophagus Dorsal to trachea rostral 2/3 then on left side caudal 1/3
Thoracic
- Dorsal to cranial vena cava
- bifurcates dorsal to base heart level 4th - 6th intercostal space

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23
Q

Tracheal stx 3 parts

A 
C shaped hyaline cartilage 
Open dorsal
Annular ligaments (fibre-elastic)
Trachealis m
Dorsal aspect in gap of rings 
Smooth m
Carnivores = external, herbivores = opposite
Shaped different
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24
Q

Pleura Stx

A

Serous membrane
simple squamous
Thin lamina propria
Serous fluid/ exudate (fluid leaks out of blood vessels) = lubrication

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25
Q

Formation of the pleura including “pulmonary visceral pleura”

A

As lung grows out from principle bronchi it pulls pulmonary visceral pleura with it

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26
Q

List the three layers of the pleura

A

Pulmonary visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural space

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27
Q

Importance and fx of pleura cavity

A

Fx - make lungs + pulmonary visceral pleura stick

Achieved =

  1. Slight vacuum in pleural space
  2. Innate surface tension of fluid
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28
Q

Mediastinum definition

A

Contains everything in the thoracic cavity except

lungs, caudal vena cava, right phenric artery

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29
Q

Cranial mediastinum

A 
Pre cardiac
Tracheal
Oesophagus 
Blood vessels
Sympathetic trunk
Vagus
Recurrent laryngeal
Phenric
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30
Q

Middle mediastinum

A 
Cardiac region
heart ❤️ (pericardium)
Descending aorta
Oesophagus 
Bifurcation of tracheal
Vagus n.
Phrenic n.
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31
Q

Caudal mediastinum

A

Post-cardiac
plica venae cava (Caudal vena cava, R phenric n.)
Mediastinal recess (accessory lobe-horses)
Pulmonary ‘ligament’ (pleural fold)

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32
Q

Costo-diaphragmatic recess

A

no lung

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33
Q

3 surfaces of the lung

A

Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic

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34
Q

3 borders of the lung

A

Dorsal
Ventral (with cardiac notch)
Basal

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35
Q

List lung lobes L and R

A 
L = Cranial (cranial + caudal)
R = Cranial, intermediate, caudal, accessory
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36
Q

Tracheal bronchus

A

Extra tracheal bronchus (pigs + ruminants) on the right

Horse called the primary bronchus

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37
Q

Cardiac notch

A

The heart pokes out

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38
Q

Hilus explained an list the things coming out

A 
Anchors lungs to trachea and heart
Contains
principal bronchus
Pulmonary vessels
Bronchial vessels 
Lymphatic vessels and nodes
Nerves
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39
Q

The two divisions of internal structure and the parts in it

A 
Conducting = branching bronchi
Respiratory = respiratory bronchioles down
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40
Q

1 bronchi principal

A

1.Mucosa
longitudinal fold, epi = pseudo, lamina propria = loose connective (lymphocytes, capillary)
2. Smooth muscle = (circular to spiral)
3. Submucosa = (sero-mucous bronchial glands, elastic fibres BV)
4. Fibroelastic/cartilage (cartilage plates —> less continuous, them trachea)

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41
Q

2 secondary bronchus

A 
ciliated epithelium
bronchial glands
elastic fibres
smooth muscle (circular)
cartilage
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42
Q

3 secondary bronchus

A

smooth muscle is spiral, bronchial glands and cartilage

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43
Q

Bronchioles

A

But muscle v important in controlling resistance to air flow and distribution of air to alveoli
- Bronchioles small but many of them = largest cross-sectional area of airway

have smooth muscle (spiral) and mucous around

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44
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Usually Respiratory bronchioles
2 from each term. Bronchioles
Occasional alveoli
CLUB CELLS

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45
Q

Explain the levels of the trachea

A
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46
Q

Club cells

A

(Formerly ‘Clara cells’)
Replace goblet cells of respiratory bronchioles and onwards
Secrete = “lipoprotein surfactant”

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47
Q

List the alveoli cells

A

Pneumocyte
Endothelial cell
Capillary
Alveolar space

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48
Q

Explain Blood-gas barrier

A

Type 1 epithelial cells
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells of capillaries

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49
Q

Explain the 3 factors which the lung has to combat and the 3 adaptions they have

A

Alveoli = delicate
Exposed to air
Smooth muscles = control rate

So air is humidified, warmed and filtered

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50
Q

Superficial lymphatics

A

Lx = sub-pleural connective tissue

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51
Q

Deep lymphatics

A 
Lx follows bronchial tree
Follows bronchial tree
Tracheal-bronchial
Pulmonary 
Mediastinal
Lymph nodes
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52
Q

Innervation of lungs

A 
Vagus (parasympathetic)
-broncho-constriction
Sympathetic 
-broncho-dilation
-vasoconstriction bronchial aa
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53
Q

Explain the two divisions of the blood system

A 
Functional
Oxygenation
Relatively simple
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Provide nutrition to alveoli (O2)

Nutritional
Supply (pleura, stroma

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54
Q

List the phases of embryology larynx, trachea and lungs

A 
Starts at pharyngeal region
laryngotracheal groove in floor foregut
Pseudo glandular 
Canaliculi
- Repiratory bronchioles, air sacs, blood supply 
Terminal sac
- epithelium differentiates type I and II
Alveolar stage 
- alveoli
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55
Q

Explain the pump mechanism

A

Lung have elasticity which helps with contraction

Inspiration (expansion) based on thoracic wall and diaphragm

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56
Q

Thoracic cavity bounded by

A 
first 2 ribs cranially
Thoracic vertebrae dorsally
Sternum ventrally 
Ribs laterally
Diaphragm caudally
IMPORTANT = a sealed cavity by costal and diaphragmatic pleura
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57
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Ribs, vertebrae and sternum

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58
Q

Thoracic inlet

A 
Cranial end of thoracic cage
Bound by
1st vertebrae
1st pair of ribs laterally 
Manubrium sterni ventrally
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59
Q

Thoracic outlet

A

Caudal extreme
Last thoracic vertebrae
Last pair of ribs + costal arch
Diploid cartilage

60
Q

Movement of thorax during respiration, the two joints

A

Costo-vertebral joints

Sternal ribs have costa-sternal joints

61
Q

Costs-vertebral joints, the two parts

A
  1. Articulation of the head
    2 convex facets articulate 2 adjacent vertebral bodies
    Rotatory or trochoid joint
    Ligament of the head + inter capital ligament
  2. Articulation of tubercle
    tubercle projects caudally at junction of neck and body
    Tubercle art
62
Q

Costa-sternal joints

A

synovial joints
Costal cartilage inter-sternebral cartilages (equivalent to intervertebral disc)
Joint capsule thin except dorsal and ventral, joint is strengthened by “stero-costal radiate ligaments”

63
Q

Costo-chondral joints

A

fibrous joints between rib and costal cartilage

Periosteum and perichondrim merge

64
Q

Motion of the rib movement

A
  • Mainly rotation around head-tubercle axis

- greater movement in caudal ribs than cranial

65
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

External
Run up/forwards, drawing ribs cranially and laterally for inspiration

Internal
Muscle fibres run down/forwards
“Action controversial, possible involved in inspiration”

66
Q

List 9 muscles that may assist with breathing

A 
Scalenus
Latissimus dorsi
Longissimus thoracic
Iliocostalsis
Rectus thoracis
Transverse thoracis
Serratus dorsalis
Serratus cranialis
Serratus caudal
67
Q

Thoracic wall blood vessels dorsal branch

A

This branch is divided into
spinal branch - spinal cord and its coverings
Dorsal cutaneous branch to dorsal skin

68
Q

Thoracic wall blood vessels ventral branch

A

Runs down medial surface medial surface of internal intercostal muscles, immediately caudal to ribs
Gives off multiple branches of lat. cutaneous branches

69
Q

Explain the anastomoses of dorsal intercostal artery

A

It anastomoses with the dorsal intercostal arteries

70
Q

Thoracic wall nerves

A

Run with the blood vessels

71
Q

Diaphragm attachements

A 
Dorsal = near thoracolumbar junction
Laterally = roughly along line of last rib
Ventrally = near xiphisternum
72
Q

Diaphragm structure

A 
Tendinous centre surrounded by muscular periphery which radiate from centre
Has three parts 
Lumbar
Costal 
Sternal
73
Q

Explain the lumbar part of the diaphragm

A

Lumbar part is wider, has two muscular crura attached to lumbar vertebral bodies
Right crus is larger than left (right extends past midlineover to left side)

74
Q

Explain the costal part of the diaphragm

A

Attachment from 8-last rib

This part periphery interdigitates with transverse abdominal muscle

75
Q

Explain the sternal part of the diaphragm

A

Attachment arises from dorsal surface of sternum just cranial to diploid cartilage

76
Q

Where is the only place where pleura and peritoneum come together

A

Lumbocostal arch = between crura and attachment to last rib, passing over the posts muscles without attachment.

77
Q

List the three hiatus in the diaphragm

A
  1. `Aortic
    most dorsal
    Contains (aorta, right azygos vein and cisterna chyli)
  2. Oesophageal hiatus
    located at the junction of right and tendinous centre
    Contains (oesophagus, vagus nerve trunk and oesophageal vessels
  3. Caval foramen
    an opening in tendinous centre on the right side
    Caudal vena cava
78
Q

Diaphragm blood supply

A 
Musculophrenic artery
supplies muscular periphery
A terminating branch of internal thoracic artery
Cranial phrenic artes
supplies crura
Arises from thoracic aorta at aortic hiatus
Phrenic-abdominal artery
arising from abdominal aorta
Also applies diaphragm
79
Q

Phrenic nerves description

A

Motor and sensory to diaphragm
Arises from ventral branches of cervical nerves (5-7)
Untie just cranial to thoracic inlet to form left and right phrenic nerves
pass medial to subclavian arteries
At level of 1st rib L and R communicates with cervical-thoracic (stellate ganglion), via a communicating branch

80
Q

`Phrenic nerves L vs R

A

Left stays in mediastinum and runs across surface of the heart
Right phrenic nerves leaves mediating to run with caudal vena cava in the plica vena cave

81
Q

Phrenic nerve termination

A

Many branches on surface of diaphragm

82
Q

Explain innervation of periphery of diaphragm

A

Also receives sensory fibres form last several intercostal nerve

83
Q

Step of mechanics of breathing which decreases pressure

A

Volume change by ribs swinging forward with increases value laterally.
Astral ribs swing downwards which increases volume ventrally
Diaphragm contracts = caudal volume increases

84
Q

Explain the negative pressure in the inter-pleural region normally

A

Inter pleural is always slightly negative

85
Q

Explain tracheal collapse, difference between cough on expiration and inspiration

A

Common signalment = older small and toy breeds
Goose-honk cough
Cough on
Inspiration = collapse in cervical trachea
Expiration = collapse in thoracic trachea

86
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Air in tract which does not undergo gaseous exchange

  • trade off = narrow airways which reduce dead space but increase resistance with narrow lumen
87
Q

What happens at birth

A 
Born, lungs filled with fluid
Remove as much fluid asap
Exaggerated respiratory movements open alveolar sacs
A quick transition to air-filled lungs
Need to make sure surfactant produced
88
Q

Nose components

A

External nose
Nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses

89
Q

Bones of the nose

A

Nose and nasal cavity is supported by none and cartilage lined by mucous membrane

90
Q

Supporting bones of the nose

A

Nasal, maxillary, incisive, frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, ethmoid

91
Q

Floor of the nasal cavity

A

Roof of oral caivty, formed by the bones
Incisive
Maxillary palatine process
Palatine

92
Q

External nose

A

Species specific
Morphology= lateral nasal cartilages + type of skin round nose

Nose is supported by dorsal and ventral lateral nasal carriages
Sometimes an accessory cartilage present

93
Q

Lateral nasal carriages

A

Are extensions of cartilaginous nasal septum

94
Q

Dog, cat and goat nasal cartilage

A

Cartilages are complete laterally
Thick hairless skin (plenum nasale)
confined to area around nostrils
Well defined philtrum

95
Q

Pig nose cartilage

A

Complete laterally
-extra medial supported by rostral bone
Plenum rostral is continuous with upper lip
Small philtrum

96
Q

Ox external nose cartilage

A

Complete laterally
Plenum nasolabialis continuous with upper lip
No philtrum

97
Q

Horse eternal nose cartilage

A

Lateral cartilages are small
Extra alar cartilages
supports dorsal, medial + ventral carriages
No cartilage support laterally allowing for great distension fo nostrils ( as obligate breathers)
Normal hairy skin around nostrils
Blind ending diverticulum

98
Q

Gland present and not present in planum based on species

A

Present in ruminants and pigs
Absent in carnivores but lateral nasal glands, glands in septic and lachrymal glands have same fx in providing moisture for nose

99
Q

Nasal septum role

A

Divides nasal cavity into left and right halves

100
Q

Nasal septum consists of

A
  1. Perpendicular plate (caudally) (continuous with cribriform plate
  2. Cartilaginous nasal septum
101
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Thin complies, bony scrolls projecting from lateral wall

There sections
dorsal (slightly curled)
Ventral (tightly folded series of scrolls)

102
Q

Mucosal folds

A 
Straight fold 
rostral extension of dorsal conchae
Alar fold 
-rostal extension of ventral conchae
- alar fold appears bulbous particular in dog (diverting air to increase evaporation)
103
Q

Ethmoidal conchae (ethmoturbinates)

A

are series of folding plates (not scrolls)
Caudal part of nasal cavity
Associated with ethmoid bone
Cranial border = frontal sinus

104
Q

What are the three meatuses

A

Dorsal and ventral conchae divide the cavity into 3 spaces called meatuses
Dorsal
Middle
Ventral

105
Q

List four structures associated with nasal

A

Incisive duct
Vomero-nasal organ
Lateral nasal gland
Naso-lacrimal

106
Q

Explain the incisive ducts

A

Aka naso-palatine
Paired ducts
Connect oral and nasal cavities
Nasal opening is in the ventral meatus at the level of canine tooth
Oral opening is on the incisive papillae just caudal to upper incisors

107
Q

Explain horse incisive ducts

A

Duct does not open into oral cavity (ends blindly)

108
Q

Explain the vomer-nasal organ

A

Aka organ of Jacobson
paired blind sacs that run caudal from incisive ducts and end at the level between 2nd and 4th cheek teeth
Supported by cartilage

Fx
epithelium of ducts has both respiratory and olfactory mucosa
Detect pheromones & ‘flehmen’ response
Associated with the relationship between taste and smell

109
Q

Explain lateral nasal gland

A

produces serous fluid, is microscopic
Present in all species except ox
Near nasomaxillary opening, duct opens into middle meatus near end of straight fold

Fx
moistens inhaled air, may aid comer-nasal organ
In dogs = moistens nose and aids thermoregulation

110
Q

Explain naso-lacrimal duct

A

runs from medial cantos of eye into nasal cavity
Opens into floor of nostril at the junction of skin and mucosa
Pigs (often dogs) have a second opening on lateral surface near the end of the ventral conchae)

drains eye to prevent weeping
Aids in moistening nose and nasal cavity
Often blocked in brachiocephalic breeds

111
Q

Microanatomy of nasal cavity

A

There are two regions
Respiratory
Olfactory

112
Q

Location of respiratory mucosa

A

paranasal sinuses
Part of dorsal and all ventral conchae
Lateral, dorsal, ventral nasal wall and part of the septum

113
Q

Explain the respiratory mucosa histology layers

A

Epi- pseudostratified columnar, ciliated w goblet cells (same as trachea and bronchi)
Paranasal sinuses are more cuboidal to squamous epithelium with fevered glands and goblet cells

Laminar propria and submucosa
loose connective tissue, blends w periosteum or perichondrium
Contains simple branched tubuloacinar mixed nasal glands (less in sinuses)
Deeper layers contain erectile venous plexuses with smooth muscle sphincters

114
Q

Olfactory mucosa Lx

A 
Lines these structures
Ethmoturbinates
Parts of the dorsal conchae
Part of the nasal septum
vomeronasal organ
115
Q

Olfactory mucosa 3 cell types of the epithelium

A

Sensory (olfactory) cells
bipolar neurons
Extend through entire height of epithelium
Long non-motile cilia
2. Sustentacular (supporting cells)
slender cells, many microvilli (no cilia)
3. Basal cells
- rough spherical, nuclei close to basement membrane

116
Q

Olfactory mucosa laminar propria and submucosa

A

contains Bowman’s glands (mainly serous)
Moistens surface so odiferous molecules can dissolve
Flush surface of epithelium to remove odiferous substances
Deep layers contain deep erectile venous peruses and bundles of non-myelinated olfactory nerve fibres (film olfactorum)

117
Q

Three functions of the nasal cavity

A 
Olfaction
macrosmatic = good animal smell
Microsmatic = poor sense of smell (humans)
Anosmia = no smell sense
2. Filtration of inspired air
dust and bacteria are trapped in mucous layer
Removed by ciliary action
3. Warming and humidifying air 
maintain a layer of moisture in alveoli 
Humidified air assist with olfaction
Warm air holds more moisture
Warming air= thermoregulation
118
Q

Explain paranasal sinuses generally

A

are diverticulum of the nasal cavity that extend into surrounding bones
Continuous with naso cavity
Lined by mucoperiosteum
Originate in embryo continues to enlarge after birth as skull matures

119
Q

List 6 possible fx of paranasal sinuses

A 
Lighten skull
Thermally insulate
Protect eyes, nasal passages and cranial cavity
Absorb shock to head
Impart resonance to voice
Increase area of olfactory membrane
120
Q

Give general description of maxillary sinus

A 
Largest, communicates with middle meatus via has-maxillary opening
Species variation 
hard palate - palatine sinus
Sphenoid bone - sphenoid sinus
Medial aspect of orbit - lacrimal sinus
Nasal conchae - conchal sinus
121
Q

Frontal sinus

A

Opens into ethmoidal meatus of nasal cavity

- except in horse - opens into caudal maxillary sinus

122
Q

Ethmoidal meatus

A

Narrow cavity located obliquely below the superior concha

123
Q

List the four pairs of horse paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary
Frontal (or conch-frontal)
Sphenopalatine
Ethmoidal

124
Q

Explain paranasal maxillary sinuses

A

incomplete bony septum divides rostral and caudal parts
Drains -= middle meatus via nasomaxillary opening
Longitudinal plate of infraorbital canal divides it into lateral and medial
Important communication with cheek teeth

125
Q

Explain paranasal frontal

A

-with dorsal conchal diverticula
drains = caudal maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening (not directly into nasal cavity)
Many incomplete bony septa in frontal sinus

126
Q

Ox paranasal sinuses

A 
6 pairs of sinuses
Maxillary sinus with with diverticula 
palatine
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Conchal

Frontal sinuses
completely surround cranial cavity
Involves frontal, parietal, interparietal, part of temporal, occipital bones
Corneal diverticulum in adults (deworming adult cattle exposes mucoperiosteum of frontal sinus)

127
Q

Explain pig paranasal sinuses

A 
5 Pairs of paranasal sinuses
Maxillary sinus with 3 diverticula
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
Conchal
Frontal sinus
involves frontal and parietal bones 
Large (up to 5 cm deep)
Difficult to stem pigs mechanically
128
Q

Explain dog paranasal sinuses

A

Two basic Paris of sinuses
Maxillary
often called maxillary recess as communicates freely with nasal cavity
Carnassial tooth embedded in later wall of sinus
Frontal sinus = small and insignificant

129
Q

Cat paranasal sinus

A

two basic pairs of sinus, similar to dog
Maxillary
0 can have sphenoid extension
P3 and P4 just under orbit therefore infection here can cause discharge and swelling in the eye
Frontal sinus
- blockage or infection of frontal sinus can be alleviated by flushing ethmoidal meatus via sinus

130
Q

Explain the Nasopharynx

A

Air reaches here from the choanae(internal nares) to nasopharynx
chonanae are separated by vomer (dorsal to palatine bone)

131
Q

Explain the Eustachian tubes

A

Nasopharynx is connect to middle ear via the auditory (Eustachian) tubes
supported by a cartilaginous trough open ventrally
Keeps middle ear at ambient pressure
In horse = ventrally to form large paired guttural pouches

132
Q

Explain guttural pouches

A

paired, ventral invaginations of E tubes
Thin walled
Occupy space between base of cranium, atlas and pharynx
Lined with pseudostratificed columnar epithelium
Goblet cells present (mucous)
Guttural pouches sit over stylohhyoid bone which divides them into a small lateral and large medial portion

133
Q

List blood vessel associated with guttural pouch walls

A

Blood vessels
external and internal carotid artiery
Maxillary artery and vein
Ventral cerebral and transverse facial veins

134
Q

List nervous structures associated with guttural such walls

A 
Facial CNVII

IX

X
XI
XII
cranial cervical ganaglion
135
Q

List gland structures associated with guttural such walls

A

Salivary glands - parotid and submandibular

136
Q

Drainage of guttural pouches

A

Each pouch communicates w nasopharynx via the silt- like pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube opens into nasopharynx
slit supported by cartilage
Opens durning grazing and swallowing
Fluid can accumulate whne block or excessive secretion

137
Q

Surgical access to guttural pouch

A

Via Viborg’s triangle
lingo facial vein
Ramus of mandible
Tendon of sternocephalic muscle

138
Q

Guttural pouch possible fx

A

selective cooling of brain
Blood to brain internal carotid artery
Allow loose attachment to pharynx to increase swallowing efficiency in long necked animals

139
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution

A

Major changes in cardiovascular system have accompanied changes in respiratory system

Over time it has become more efficient with 4 chambers and seperate pulmonary and systemic circulation

140
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution in fish

A

Gas exchange in gills
Requires flow through mouth and over membranes to allow gas exchange
Fish have 1 capillary bed before return to heart
Mammals have 2 capillary beds before return to heart

141
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution from fish to land

A

Lobe-finned fish were first to have both gills and lungs

  • lungs evolved from single ventral out-pouching of gut
  • then due to stability problems with ventral position in water, the lungs migrated to a dorsal position
142
Q

Swim bladder in fish

A

In modern boney, ray-finned fish is a homolog of lungs

Some swim bladders retain connection with gut via pneumatic duct (trachea homolog)

Lost in most advanced fish, gas regulated by red body

143
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution in amphibians

A

Can respire though any moist well-vascularised mucous membrane (mouth, skin, primitive lung)

144
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution in amniotes

A

Amniotes = (reptiles, birds, mammals)
Have a distinct, thorax and neck
lungs further from thorax
Evolution of conducting airway and separation of conducting and respiratory components

145
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution in birds and mammals

A

Developed completely separate pulmonary circulation, 4 chamber heart, on functional aortic arch

146
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution of reptile heart

A

Septum only partly divides ventricle

Vasculature still retains several aortic arch derivatives

147
Q

Cardio-respiratory evolution of birds

A

different but very efficient system of pulmonary ventilation compared with mammals
System of air sacs
A flow through system
No gas exchange in air sacs
Air flows through lungs during both inspiration and expiration
Counter current blood flow system as air flows one way
(Very efficient at extracting O2)

RES anatomy part 2 (4 decks)

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