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CompTIA A+ Certification > Mike Meyers A+ Ch: 4 Microprocessors > Flashcards

Mike Meyers A+ Ch: 4 Microprocessors Flashcards

1
Q

What does CPU stand for?

A

Central Processing Unit

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2
Q

What does EDB stand for?

A

External Data Bus

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3
Q

What is EDB?

A

EDB or External Data Bus is the connection between the processor and the RAM. It allows information and commands to flow the CPU.

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4
Q

What is binary code?

A

Communication in the world of computers is in 0 or 1. 1 being on, while 0 being off.

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5
Q

Concerning CPU, what is the purpose of registers?

A

Registers serve as a workplace for the CPU

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6
Q

What are AX, BX, CX, DX, RAX or RBX?

A

General-purpose registers

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7
Q

What is the machine language?

A

Commands that tell the CPU how to manipulate data, such as which register to put it in, or either to add or subtract.

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8
Q

What is the CPU’s instruction set?

A

All of the machine language commands that a CPU understands.

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9
Q

What is the clock wire?

A

The clock wire is a wire that is attached to the CPU. When a charge is placed on the clock wire it tells the CPU that another piece of information is ready to process.

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10
Q

What is the clock cycle?

A

A single charge to the clock wire of a CPU.

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11
Q

What is the clock speed?

A

The speed at which a CPU executes instructions, measured in MHz or GHz. (In modern CPUs, the internal speed is a multiple of the external speed.)

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12
Q

Does a computer always run at the clock speed?

A

The Clock speed is the maximum speed at which the CPU will process information but it not the speed that the CPU must run at.

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13
Q

What is the system crystal?

A

The System Crystal determines the speed at which the CPU and the PC operate at.

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14
Q

How does the System Crystal work with the CLK wire to determine the speed of the CPU?

A

The System Crystal will send out an electric pulse ot the clock chip which will adjust the pulse. The pulse fires a charge on the CLK causing the CPU to proceed more information.

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15
Q

What is a program?

A

A program is a series of commands to the CPU in a specific order tof the CPU to do perform.

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16
Q

What does RAM stand for?

A

Random Access Memory

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17
Q

What is the difference between a bit and a byte?

A

A bit is either a 1 or 0, whereas byte is eight bits.

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18
Q

What is a nibble in terms of bits?

A

4 bits

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19
Q

How bits are in a word?

A

16 bits

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20
Q

Why is RAM called Random Access?

A

The CPU can access any section of RAM just as fast as any other.

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21
Q

Why is DRAM considered to be dynamic?

A

DRAM requires both constant electrical charge and a periodic refresh of the circuits in order to retain data.

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22
Q

What does the MMC do?

A

The MMC can grab any byte of data from the RAM and place it on the EDB for the CPU to read.

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23
Q

What is the address bus?

A

The address bus is the connection of wires between the CPU and the MMC. What purpose of the address bus is to allow the CPU to send instructions to the MMC.

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24
Q

What is the main market for Intel’s Core I7/i5/i3?

A

The Core brand is Intel’s consume market CPUs

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25
Q

What Intel processors are used in budget desktops or low-end computers?

A

Pentium or Celeron

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26
Q

What are Intel’s mobile or portable CPUs?

A

Core M or Atom but they also use I-series.

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27
Q

What Intel’s Server CPUs?

A

Xeon

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28
Q

What is AMD’s consumer CPUs line?

A

A-Series or FX

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29
Q

What is AMD’s budget desktop or low-end CPUs?

A

Sempron or Athlon

30
Q

What is AMD’s mobile CPU brand?

A

A-series

31
Q

What is AMD’s server line of CPUs?

A

Opteron

32
Q

How do clock multipliers work?

A

The CPU can run much faster than the system bus or the speed of the components of a computer. A system bus might run at 100 MHz whereas the CPU can run at 3.4 GHz. A clock multiple is how much cycles the CPU works for every cycle of the system bus. Thus a CPU can run multiple cycles for everyone system bus cycle. The clock multiplier indicates how many cycles it can run.

33
Q

In terms of the base clock, CPU multiplier, what is a strap?

A

The system bus runs at a certain clock, 100 MHz. The system bus is the limiting factor for the speed of the computer. IF you increase the speed of the system bus can damage the computer components. The strap is an increased system bus speed at which the computer can remain stable.

34
Q

What is the function of the CPUID?

A

The CPU reports to the motherboard and the speed of the CPU and multiplier are set automatically.

35
Q

What is the main benefit of 64-bit processing?

A

With 32 bit processing a computer is limited to using 4 GB of RAM, whereas with 64 bit, a computer can process 16 of RAM.

36
Q

What is the difference between x86 vs 64 programs?

A

An x86 program is a 32-bit program whereas an x64 is a 64-bit program.

37
Q

What is virtualization support or virtualization?

A

A CPU can run two different OSs at a time.

38
Q

What is parallel execution?

A

Early CPU processed command in a strictly linear fashion, parallel execution means that a CPU can process multiple commands at once.

39
Q

How does a CPU process multiple commands at once?

A

Through pipelining

40
Q

How does pipelining work in CPUs?

A

Normally a CPU process command through several stages which are at their most basic level Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write. Early CPUs would only process commands one stage at a time leaving all the other stages idle which required at least 4 cycles to process a command.

Pipelining is when a CPU process command at all four stages at once.

41
Q

What is a pipeline stall?

A

When a CPU pipelines, it normally process command in such a that it keeps the data moving. However, when a complex command comes along, it will take longer than normal and the CPU has to stop the other stages.

42
Q

What pipelining stage is most likely to cause a pipeline stall?

A

The decode stages are the most likely stage to cause a stall, as a result, CPUs usually have multiple stages to reduce the chances of pipelines stalls.

43
Q

What is the purpose of the CPU cache? Why is it needed?

A

The CPU can process information much faster than the RAM can work which results in pipeline stalls or wait states. To prevent this, an SRAM memory is built directly on the CPU. Then the RAM can preload as much instruction or data as possible.

44
Q

What type of memory does Cache use?

A

SDRAM

45
Q

Where is the L2 cache located? why it is called L2?

A

Originally it was located on the motherboard, it was then placed directly on the CPU. It is called L2 because the CPU looks thereafter L2

46
Q

What is the frontside bus?

A

The data bus that connects the CPU, MCC and RAM.

47
Q

The connection between the CPU and L2 is called what?

A

backside bus

48
Q

What is hyper-threading?

A

Hyper-threading is when a CPU can process multiple threads at once acting like two separate CPUs.

49
Q

Does multithreading double the processing power?

A

Multithreading increases efficiency but doesn’t double the processing power because the resources are not duplicated.

50
Q

What is multi-core processing?

A

Multicore processing is when two or more CPUs are placed on the CPU chip.

51
Q

How does multicore processing compare to hyper-threading?

A

hyper-threading simulates having two separate CPUs but doesn’t actually double the processing power. Where multicore processing can double processing power because you have two separate cores.

52
Q

Does the OS or applications have to be written to work with multicore processing?

A

Multicore processing is independent of the OS or applications, whereas the OS or applications must be specifically written for hyperthreading.

53
Q

What does the x6 mean in the picture below?

A

It means that each CPU has its own L1, L2.

54
Q

What does IMC stand for?

A

Integrated memory controller

55
Q

What does the IMC do?

A

IMC enables faster control over shared memory for the multiple caches.

56
Q

What does GPU stand for?

A

Graphics Processing unit

57
Q

What is the benefit of integrating the GPU with the CPU?

A

It enhances the overall performance of the computer while reducing energy consumption.

58
Q

Which CPUs use socket LGA 775?

A

Pentium 4, Celeron, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad

59
Q

What CPUs use the LGA 1156 socket?

A

Core Is, Pentium, Celeron Xeon

60
Q

What CPUs are supported by the LGA 1155 socket?

A

Core Is, Pentium, Celeron, Xeon

61
Q

What CPUs does the LGA 1366 socket use?

A

Core I7, Xeon, Celeron

62
Q

What socket does the LGA 2011 use?

A

Core I7, Core I7 Extreme Edition, Xeon

63
Q

What CPUs use the AM3 socket?

A

Phenom II, Athlon II, Sempron, Opteron

64
Q

What CPUs use the AM3+ socket?

A

FX

65
Q

Which CPUs use the FM1, FM2 and FM+ sockets?

A

A-Series

66
Q

Which CPUs use the G34 and C32 sockets?

A

Opteron

67
Q

What does LGA stand for?

A

Land Grid Array

68
Q

What is LGA?

A

Land Grid Array is a type of socket used by Intel, it has hundreds of tiny contact pins.

69
Q

What does PGA stand for?

A

Pin Grid Array

70
Q

What is PGA?

A

PGA is the socket used by AMD, the socket has holes while the pins are on the CPU.

71
Q

Land Grid Array is a type of socket used by Intel, it has hundreds of tiny contact pins.

A

The CPU wasn’t installed correctly. Specifically, the CPU is overheating and the issue is with the Fan or Sink.

CompTIA A+ Certification (3 decks)

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