Migration, Identity, Sovereignty

Question 1

Core-Periphery definition

Answer 1

Spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two regions within a country

Question 2

Backwash

Answer 2

Flows directed from periphery to core regions

Question 3

Schengen agreement

Answer 3

1995 - allows for any member of the Eu to freely move and live in any other Eu country

Question 4

National identity and the effects of migration on it

Answer 4

• the feeling of belonging to one group or specific nation with shared cultural/social beliefs
• increased migration creates a more homogenised mix of identities, impacting peoples percieved id

Question 5

Sovereignty

Answer 5

The legal right to govern a physical territoy
- being part of a customs union will reduce this

Question 6

Migration caused resentment

Answer 6

• Migration as a percieved threat to N.I
• migrants subject to hostility (OTHERNESS)

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

The gradual integration of a migrant group into the culture/lifestyle of the host country

Question 8

Ethnic enclave

Answer 8

When a group of people sharing the same identities and cultural beliefs settle in a group
- formation of ethnic enclaves often attracts more people with the same identity to the area

Question 9

Mexico - USA migration

Answer 9

• Single largest flow of migration from one country to another
• 12 mill migrants currently living in the US - fill out undesireable jobs in the labour market
• important for the economy

Question 10

China’s Hukou system

Answer 10

• Communist system allowing only those with a permit to work or live in urban areas
• permits are very spenny but those without have no access to education or healthcare
• Inc pressure = inc manufacturing demands - BUT hukou acts as a labor barrier

Question 11

Types of migration

Answer 11

• Economic
  Mexico/ USA
  single largest flow of migrants into a country
  12mill living in US from mexican descent
  increase in global inequality (economic differences)
  spartial divisions of labour and supply chains
  SO more gaps in income and more people pushed to migrate for economic reasons
  TNC investment to encourage migration - belt and road
• Political
  Refugee (syria) majority move to neighboring countries - doesnt really effect global migration flows

Question 12

Define Nation & Nation state

Answer 12

Nation - A terrotorialised group of people with a collective identity from shared experiences and history
Nation state - Political entity with sovereignty over its territory with no influence

Question 13

Give an example of a natural and political border

Answer 13

Syria - Sykes Pilot line 1916
Divides former ottoman empire into british and french territory
Pays little attention to cultural and religious differences

Russia - natural
North European plain from Russian heartland to carpathian mountains - Russia has been invaded through this plain many times

Question 14

Nationalism definition

Answer 14

Belief held by people on one nation that their interests are more important than those of other nations

Question 15

Development of nationalism in the 19th century

Answer 15

1789 - French revolution/ monarchy replaced by republican government - growth of nationalist ideas around eu
1919 - Treaty of versailles ended with ww1 & breakup of the ottoman empire
1945 - UN formed from pre war league of nations
1933 - formation of the eu

Question 16

Main factors leading to the emergence of nation states

Answer 16

French revolution - more democratic country; more nationalism (more attatchment to area)
Wealthier countries = more say in democracy - industry more important than agriculture - more money made

Question 17

Development of empires over time

Answer 17

Military/ hard power maintained through propaganda
- creates idea of superiority over nations being colonised
- nationalism used as justification of colonialism

Question 18

Impacts of the desintigration of empires

Answer 18

Partition of India
2 major religions after independence - partitioned to india and pakistan to prevent conflicts
large migration, each religion attacked and killed

• Britain blamed for the conflict; defined different communities based on religions by favouring the hindu side

Question 19

Colonial legacies

Answer 19

In former colonies, colonial language, customs and culture survives
e.g - uganda with many ethnic groups bu ENG still as primary language

Question 20

Globalisation and nation states

Answer 20

Chinas sez’s glabalisation influenced nation states
- bending of tax laws for benefit
- joining trade blocs
- singapore promoting inward migration

Question 21

Tax Havens

Answer 21

countires with very low corporate tax - bermuda
- created to attract tncs and inward investment

Companies (INEOs) have hqa in tax haven to benefit from low tax rates
- adv through transfer pricing

Question 22

Positives and negatives of tax havens

Answer 22

The good:
Political and econnomic benefit for the host haven if many tncs locate hq there
Benefit for companies themselves -more profit to reinvestment and innovation

The slightly worse:
Tax avasion (7 trl) announced annually in tax havens

Caiman islands - migration due to being a tax haven
- house prices rise and other taxes (food)
- inc cost of living
- changes in national identity

Question 23

The Gini coefficient

Answer 23

Ratio of area A to B
- Complete equality = straight diagonal line
- line caving in = more inequality

1 = most iequality

Question 24

Alt pathways to globalisation

Answer 24

Import substitution:
economic policy of boosting domestic manufacturing as subs for previously imported products
- reduce dependence on developed countries

resource nationalism:
where states/ state controlled companies take control of natural resources (bolivia- lithium)
- ensures wealth generated in used in the country instead of taken abroad

Question 25

Importance of global organisations

Answer 25

UN - first IGO after ww2
- maintaining peace/ security and system of global gov - no direct control (est rules, norms, codes)
- rights of the child

WB - Main purpose is global financial development

Question 26

Sanctions imposed through unilateral decision

Answer 26

Weapon/trade embargos - (banning the sales of weapons/specific import items)

Freezing assets/ travel restrictions

Question 27

Exampkes of UN sanctions

Answer 27

IRAN - economic sanctions
SUspected to be building nuclear weapons - impositions of financial restrictions
2010 - 2012 IRAN as 4th oil exporting country - influenced global prices through OPEC
AFTER sanctions annual GDP fell only by 5%

BOSNIA - direct military involvement
Un provoked after ethnic cleansing allegations by bosnian serb forces against bosnian muslims
- Designates safe zone created in small town
- town under seige by forces 23000 woem captured and dutch peacekeepers outnumberd

Question 28

Tariffs and how theyve changed

Answer 28

Global decrease in tariff rates after formation of 3 bretton woods inst & global trade has inc
- wealthier countries still able to take more adv through substidies and tariff esc

• Tariffs and trade organisation are all slight infringements on a countries sovereignty

Question 29

IMF and SAPs

Answer 29

Conditions required:
- opeing up of domestic markets (allowing private companies to develop resources for export)
- reducing gov roles by privitising state industries
- reducing gov spending (AUSTERITY)
- devaluation of currency

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
- idea that economic growth can only be achieved through the removal of regulations and a ‘western way of capitalism’

SAPS limit a countries ablility to make desicions abt trade/gov policies
- reduces soverignty

Question 30

what is the HIPCI

Answer 30

Aimed to reduce national debts by partially paying them off in return for SAPs
WB and IMF