Migration, Identity, Sovereignty Flashcards
(30 cards)
Core-Periphery definition
Spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two regions within a country
Backwash
Flows directed from periphery to core regions
Schengen agreement
1995 - allows for any member of the Eu to freely move and live in any other Eu country
National identity and the effects of migration on it
- the feeling of belonging to one group or specific nation with shared cultural/social beliefs
- increased migration creates a more homogenised mix of identities, impacting peoples percieved id
Sovereignty
The legal right to govern a physical territoy
- being part of a customs union will reduce this
Migration caused resentment
- Migration as a percieved threat to N.I
- migrants subject to hostility (OTHERNESS)
Assimilation
The gradual integration of a migrant group into the culture/lifestyle of the host country
Ethnic enclave
When a group of people sharing the same identities and cultural beliefs settle in a group
- formation of ethnic enclaves often attracts more people with the same identity to the area
Mexico - USA migration
- Single largest flow of migration from one country to another
- 12 mill migrants currently living in the US - fill out undesireable jobs in the labour market
- important for the economy
China’s Hukou system
- Communist system allowing only those with a permit to work or live in urban areas
- permits are very spenny but those without have no access to education or healthcare
- Inc pressure = inc manufacturing demands - BUT hukou acts as a labor barrier
Types of migration
- Economic
Mexico/ USA
single largest flow of migrants into a country
12mill living in US from mexican descent
increase in global inequality (economic differences)
spartial divisions of labour and supply chains
SO more gaps in income and more people pushed to migrate for economic reasons
TNC investment to encourage migration - belt and road - Political
Refugee (syria) majority move to neighboring countries - doesnt really effect global migration flows
Define Nation & Nation state
Nation - A terrotorialised group of people with a collective identity from shared experiences and history
Nation state - Political entity with sovereignty over its territory with no influence
Give an example of a natural and political border
Syria - Sykes Pilot line 1916
Divides former ottoman empire into british and french territory
Pays little attention to cultural and religious differences
Russia - natural
North European plain from Russian heartland to carpathian mountains - Russia has been invaded through this plain many times
Nationalism definition
Belief held by people on one nation that their interests are more important than those of other nations
Development of nationalism in the 19th century
1789 - French revolution/ monarchy replaced by republican government - growth of nationalist ideas around eu
1919 - Treaty of versailles ended with ww1 & breakup of the ottoman empire
1945 - UN formed from pre war league of nations
1933 - formation of the eu
Main factors leading to the emergence of nation states
French revolution - more democratic country; more nationalism (more attatchment to area)
Wealthier countries = more say in democracy - industry more important than agriculture - more money made
Development of empires over time
Military/ hard power maintained through propaganda
- creates idea of superiority over nations being colonised
- nationalism used as justification of colonialism
Impacts of the desintigration of empires
Partition of India
2 major religions after independence - partitioned to india and pakistan to prevent conflicts
large migration, each religion attacked and killed
- Britain blamed for the conflict; defined different communities based on religions by favouring the hindu side
Colonial legacies
In former colonies, colonial language, customs and culture survives
e.g - uganda with many ethnic groups bu ENG still as primary language
Globalisation and nation states
Chinas sez’s glabalisation influenced nation states
- bending of tax laws for benefit
- joining trade blocs
- singapore promoting inward migration
Tax Havens
countires with very low corporate tax - bermuda
- created to attract tncs and inward investment
Companies (INEOs) have hqa in tax haven to benefit from low tax rates
- adv through transfer pricing
Positives and negatives of tax havens
The good:
Political and econnomic benefit for the host haven if many tncs locate hq there
Benefit for companies themselves -more profit to reinvestment and innovation
The slightly worse:
Tax avasion (7 trl) announced annually in tax havens
Caiman islands - migration due to being a tax haven
- house prices rise and other taxes (food)
- inc cost of living
- changes in national identity
The Gini coefficient
Ratio of area A to B
- Complete equality = straight diagonal line
- line caving in = more inequality
1 = most iequality
Alt pathways to globalisation
Import substitution:
economic policy of boosting domestic manufacturing as subs for previously imported products
- reduce dependence on developed countries
resource nationalism:
where states/ state controlled companies take control of natural resources (bolivia- lithium)
- ensures wealth generated in used in the country instead of taken abroad
