Migration Dates And Details Flashcards
When did romans leave Britain?
401 AD
Why did the Viking invade England?
-Better farming land
-Better economic opportunities
-How inheritance worked meant some children couldn’t get money from wills
-Overcrowding in Scandinavia
When did Viking begin invading (first recorded attack)
Lindisfarme in 793 AD
Who was king Alfred and when was he born
Born around late 800’s and ruled England 871-899. During his reign there were very few Viking attacks
What is danelaw
Danelaw was areas of England under Viking control with cultural differences including crafts and farming methods
What was Danegeld
The taxes payed during Viking invasion of England to prevent Viking from attacking
What happened in 991
A huge Viking army led by Sven Forkbeard invaded England with over 90 ships and fought at the battle of maldon against the English
Why was Danegeld bad?
It had to be constantly repaid and was not a long term solution to Viking invasion
When did Sven conquer England?
1012-1013
Who was king Cnut?
The son of Sven Forkbeard. He ruled England until 1014 where he was forced back to Denmark by aethred before returning to the throne to rule from 1016
What happened after Cnut was pushed off the throne
His supporters rebelled against aethelred and there were many years of fighting until settlers died in 1016 and was succeeded by Edmund
When did Cnut rule and how was he
1016-1035. He was seen as a fair and devout ruler who subdued any possibility of rebellion early in his rule by executing many Viking rebels
When did king Edward die?
1066
Who were the three contenders for the throne in 1066
William Duke of Normandy
Harald Hardrada-Viking king
Harold Godwinson- most powerful man in England
How did William of Normandy conquer England?
Hardrada was beaten by Godwinson in the battle of standfird bridge who was then best at the battle of Hastings by William
What changed under Norman rule?
-England spoke French
-culture changed
-new churches were built
-taxes were paid to Norman’s rather than a government
What was the Angevin empire
England ruled by the French after the death of William (1087) and his son (1100) eventually by Henry 2
What were some difficulties of the Angevin empire?
-as it was so large it lead to forces and power being stretched over large amounts of land so if either side was invaded it would be difficult to defend both Britain and France
Why did the Angevin empire collapse under king John?
John faced the problem of overstretched resources when ruling after France decided they didn’t want to be ruled by and English king
When was the Magna Carta made, who for and why
Magna Carta was written in 1214 for king John to prevent him overtaxing people and prevent him being above the law (still valid today)
When was the first period of war in the 100 year war?
1337-1360
When was the second period of war of the 100 year war
1370-1413
When was the final period of war of the 100 year war
1413-1422
Who won the first period of the 100 year war and why
England won the first period by winning the battle of crecy (1346) and poiters (1356) where they captured important ports and gained land
Who won the second period of the 100 year war and why?
France wins back land lost
Who won the 100 year war eventually and why?
Both won and lost:
Britain:
-won battle of agincourt (1415)
France:
-Joan of arc leads to huge success for France (Siege of Orleans-1429)
-Win back loads of land
Direct Impact of 100 year war?
French lost around 7000 and 10000 men at Agincourt whereas English lost a few hundred due to development of longbow
Long term impact of 100 year war?
Areas of France devestated
Cost of war affects both countries
Military development.
Formed identities around which the early French and British states could coalesce.
Why did Tudor and Stuart explorers look west for America?
Privateers were popular at the time but after the discovery of Canada people thought about taking advantage of its resources for British use
Who was John Hawkins
A British “privateer” who specialised in spice trading during 1562
Why was piracy replaced with plantations
More efficient and made more money consistently than piracy
Impact of slave trade on Britain
Economic benefits for Britain as it meant companies could make more profit due to lower or lack of pay for indentured workers (slaves)
Why were there British colonies in America?
People escaping religious persecution especially during English civil war and because people wanted to profit off of overseas trade of things like tobacco, corn and cotton
What was the effect of colonialism on the indigenous people of america?
Most were killed on immediate invasion, enslaved or forced to run away by the colonisers
Why did Britain fall out with the American colonists
They began becoming independent during the english civil war and
They disliked British involvement with their trading including taxes (stamp act of 165 imposed a tax on paper for official documents) (Navigation Act was taxation of American products)
What was the stamp act and when was it
The stamp act was imposed in 1765 which was a tax on paper for official documents used for trade
When was the war of independence
1776-1783
What sparked the war of independence?
When George Washington announced independence from the British in 1776
What were the consequences of the war of independance
-Canada remains part of the British empire until they achieved self-government in 1867
-Britain loses around 80 million to the war and 100,000 soldiers and 20,000 sailors but over time became allies with the USA
who were the Huguenots?
french Protestants escaping segregation in France by catholics
How did the Huguenots impact Britain?
-Skilled craftsmen brought back industries like watch making, gun making and bookbinding
-Huguenot weavers and merchants joined important businesses
-By 1710s Huguenots had caused the construction of 200 mills
What did France contribute to England after 1712 onward for the next 250 years?
Scientists, intellectuals and experts which boosted the country’s business, arts and crafts
How did people react to the Huguenots
There was some anti-Huguenot feeling as many considered the foods weird
-many believed that they were taking jobs and were full of disease
-eventually they integrated with the British population
What were the Ulster plantations?
When king James the first “planted” Protestants in the northern part of Ireland to encourage obedience from the locals to his monarchy
Did the Ulster plantations work and why?
No. It Lead to population increase but there was conflict between the catholic country of Ireland and the Protestant migrants. This lead to violence towards them from the locals
What were the Highland clearances?
-Early 1700s many people lived in the highlands, they were usually in clans (family group)
-mainly catholic
-lived on farmlands for generations
-after the English took over the monarchy in 1746 they hunted down clan leaders and passed anti-highlander laws
What was the result of a new farming on the highlanders (sheep farming)
Many Englishmen controlled most of the highlands and at the time sheep farming was most profitable but it needed space.
To make this space many highlanders were forced out of their land to nearby towns and cities to find work and homes
Impact of the highland clearances?
Many Scottish people emigrated there countries such as Canada, America and England
What does Diaspora mean?
The scattered of a group across a wide location
How did Britain gain control of India?
After making deals with the East India Company Britain slowly began taking over more and more territory of India until eventually they both shared India (made official by the Government of India act in 1773)
What was the Government of India act and when?
1773- it dictated that both Britain and EIC had joint control over India
Why was India so valuable between 1500-1800
It has many raw resources like iron, silk, spices, tea, timber which were good for overseas trading
When was the East India Company made?
1600
Why was the east India company so powerful?
It controlled trade in India and had its own army and navy protecting it
When was the Indian Rebellion?
1857
Why was there an Indian rebellion in 1857
Many sepoys disliked having to work for the British Empire’s army and many Indians felt that Britain was exploiting Indians and ignoring their cultures
What was the spark for the Indian Rebellion in 1857
After the development of a new rifle, a new bullet was designed which had a cartridge made with animal grease which the sepoys refused to use as it went against their religious belief, leading to a revolt in 1857
how many English troops were sent to fight at the battles in the Indian Rebellion (1857)
70,000
What was the aftermath of the Indian rebellion?
It ended officially on 8 July 1858 with Britain winning. The EIC was removed from the government of India and it was now fully controlled by the British empire
What was the impact on Britain running India after the rebellion?
-Trading profited the British empire massively making around 30 million annually!
-many factories were built creating employment and products from the raw resources
-Improved health
-improving transport and communication
-improved education and law
Why weee there divided opinions on British rule in India
-Some argue India benefited from Britains influence due to improved transport and education
-Others argue Britain only did so to exploit their resources and trading ability as-well as British culture being forced onto Indians and well as them being exploited in work environments
What was the scramble for Africa?
When many European countries were “racing” to claim as much land of Africa as possible during the mid to late 1800s
When did the scramble for Africa technically begin?
1870 by several European nations claiming land
Why did the African scramble succeed?
Many African did fight back but the development of the Maxim gun meant there was no chance of success for the natives due to many countries militaristic advances (better guns)
Who was Cecil Rhodes
-English imperialist
-Involved in boer wars
-owned diamond mines in Africa during 1888
-Believed in Social Darwinism
Why did Britain get involved with Egypt?
For control of the Suez Canal as it was (and still is) one of the best trade routes for many ships as it reduces many trips by weeks
How did Britain acquire the Suez Canal?
The president at the time Disraeli bought it in 1869 for 4 million pounds -borrowed from a banker called Lionel de Rothschild
What happened in 1882 in Egypt after the Suez Canal was purchased
There was a rebellion due to economic issues with the government where some British civilians were killed in riots
How did the British respond to the Egyptian rebellion in 1883
The Alexandria bombings, aswell as invasion with 24,000 soldiers (British), 7,000 more soldiers (British Indian), 40 navy warships leading to control of Cairo (Egypts capital)
What happened after the second rebellion in Egypt in 1884
Britain fought back lead by lord kitchener leading a series of violent campaigns to stop the supporters of Mahdi
What were some impacts of British rule in india
-Boosted British trade industry (By 1900 trade was worth around 140 million)
-British army had Indian support
-British people ate more Indian food
How did Indians suffer under British rule?
They were forced to obey British customs while their own cultures were ignored. If anyone tried to resist the British were very aggressive to the rebels.
When did Egypt come under British rule?
1899
What was the cause for the second Boer war?
Cecil Rhodes wanted control over a gold spot (found in 1867) in Dutch territory and set up mines without permission. Eventually Rhodes tried to overthrow the Boer (Dutch) leader Kruger which failed and only increased tensions.
What happened in the first boer war?
In 1867 diamonds ar discovered in Boer states and the British government wanted them so they offered to join forces where the boers refused, so they invaded and failed
What happened during the second Boer war?
Small Boer army was very effective as they knew the land and were armed with modern guns but the British fought back with waves of trained soldiers armed to the teeth with explosives and machine guns
What was the scorched earth policy in the second Boer war?
British soldiers where instructed to destroy everything including farms and homes, killing animals and poisoning drinking wells
What happened in 1902 at the end of the Boer war (2)
Both sides were exhausted from the fighting and the boers eventually surrendered and bargained becoming a dominion with cape colony to form the Union of South Africa
Consequences of the First Boer war?
Britain lost hundreds of thousands of soldiers (roughly 450,000] and 28,000 civilians. Britain also figured that they had struggled to get enough soldiers due to poor health. This lead to an investigation and discovery of poverty in England. This lead to legislation being passed providing free school, free meals and unemployment benefits.
What is imperial propaganda?
Where positive ideas, aspects and information about an empire is shown to influence public opinion and belief.
Why did the Irish migrate to Briatin
Two main reason:
-potato blight lead to starvation in 1846 so people moved to avoid it
-lack of employment
Impact of Irish migration?
-blamed for unemployment in Britain
-Blamed for high crime
-Segregated against for religious differences
-blamed on diseases
-provided loads of infrastructure via navvies (builders).
Why did Jews migrate to Britain?
-segregation in Russia during 1881-1914
-escaping prosecution in Germany during 1930-1940
Why did people leave Britain in the 19th Century?
Many hoped for a better life abroad in places like North America, South Africa, Canada and Australia
How many people left Britain during 1815 and 1914
2.2 million
What is internal migration
Migrating within your country
What is urbanisation
Increase of population in areas like towns, cities or industrial areas
Why did the British empire end
After the world wars, Britain was in too much of a vulnerable economic position to have a strong enough hold on their colonies to the point they gave them independence as they could no longer have a strong influence over them
When did India gain independence and thank to who?
1947 due to the movement led by ghandi
When did the African coast gain independence and thanks to who?
1957 thanks to Kramer Nkrumah
When did Kenya gain independence and thanks to who?
1963 thanks to Jomo Kenyatta
Why did many people migrate to Britain after the Second world war
One of 3 reasons:
-Better Opportunities/ quality of life
-Better employment or education
-Politically forced out of their country (Kenyan and Ugandan Asians)
Why did people migrate form the Caribbean
After a hurricane devastated the islands in 1944, poverty was common as not only that but sugars value had decreased which was their main source of income
How was the wind rush generation received?
They faced a lot of segregation and plain racism as at the time it was completely legal to publicly segregate against coloured people
When did it become officially illegal to be openly racist and segregate
1964
What caused the Falkland war?
When Argentina invaded an English territory in the early 1980s
How did the British government respond to the Falkland Islands invasion
Margret thatcher sent over roughly a hundred ships and set up an exclusion zone to prevent external ships being caught in the crossfire
What was the result of the Falkland war?
750 argentines and 255 British troops were killed
What were the consequences of the Falkland war?
War cost around 2.5 billion but was a huge boost to Margaret thatchers popularity which led to her reelection in 1983. The conflict also strengthened the UK and USAs relations unlike the UK s relations to Argentina who still claims the island are theirs
When was the Falkland war
1982
