Migration Case Studies Flashcards
UK migration
Largest immigrant countries - 2013 : India (0.76 million), Poland (0.66), Pakistan (0.48).
Largest emigration countries: Australia (1.28), USA (0.76), Canada (0.67).
Reasons for emigration: Employment opportunities, Retirement and Family reunification.
UK population increased 318,000 due to migration in 2014.
Asia and Africa to Europe migration
Many people migrate from Asia and Africa to Europe for many reasons: economic factors in search of a better standard of living, refugees from conflicts in Syria and Eritrea and reunification of family.
Italy in 2014 received 42,323 migrants from Syria, 34,329 migrants from Eritrea and 9,938 migrants from Mali.
Global migration can cause inequalities, injustices and conflicts
Human Rights violation in detention camps for Myanmar refugees on the Thai - Malaysian border.
The new fence and high-tech surveillance at the Bulgaria- Turkey border.
The refugee camp and Channel Tunnel at Calais. Another camp ‘The Jungle’, outside Calais contained over 3000 migrants in February 2016.
Flows in South- South corridors and South- North corridors are of equal magnitude.
South-South migration - 82.3 million. (36%)
South-North migration - 81.9 million. (35%)
North-North migration - 53.7 million. (23%)
North-South migration - 13.7 million. (6%)
This is due to restrictive administrative barriers from migrants moving from South to North.
A number of fast growing economies in the South.
Increased awareness of opportunities in the South.
Stops the costs of moving to more distant richer countries.
Eg Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast or Myanmar to Thailiand.
Pakistan- pro emigration policy.
Canada- immigration policy.
7 million Pakistanis working abroad, 96% of these are in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. In 2013 remittances reached $11.5 billion, which important in Socio-economic development. The emigration policy was drafted in by the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis.
Brazil an EDC
Brazil has the 7th largest economy in the world. Brazil’s GDP incresed from $4874 in 2007 to $5823 in 2014. It is moving rapidly through the demographic transition model.
Patterns of migration a net loss of 500,000 in each 4 year period, increased migration from Brazil to its neighbouring countries- Mercosur members. Increased emigration of highly skilled workers to Europe, USA and Japan. Influx of migrants from Haiti and African countries. Rise in migrants due to the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.
In 2013 number of immigrants living in Brazil - Portugal (140,000), Japan (50,000), Paraguay (40,000)
Destination of emigrants- USA (370,000), Japan (370,000), Portugal (140,000). Helped ties with US, Portugal and Haiti.
Impacts of migration on Brazil
Economic development- Waves of immigration in different periods from Japan and Porturgal have contributed to growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Highly skilled workers have reduced gaps in the labour market.
Migrant remittances from the US and European countries contributes to the economy ($2.4 billion,2014)
Political stability- Has a stable and democratic political system. Member of Mercosur (trading bloc), G20 and BRIC’s. Relationship between countries of migrant flows.
Social Inequality - inequalities between different ethnic groups, inequalities in housing provision, access to services, education and income. Poverty concentrated in rural areas or favelas. Discrimination in labour market against black and indigenous people impeding full economic, political and social development.
USA migration
In 2013 there were 41.3 million immigrants living in the USA, 13% of population. Positive immigration policy, employment opportunities, Higher wages and remittances, Education opportunities, Family reunification.
Migration Policies- 480,000 visas are available per year for family reunification. Admission of migrants with skills valuable to the US economy, 140,000 visas available. Protecting refugees- 70,000 a year. Promoting diversity 50,000 immigrant visas randomly chosen. Humanitarian relief- temporary visas available for relief.
Links with Mexico - 2013 over 11.5 million Mexicans live in the US and 1 million Americans in Mexico. Low- skilled Mexican workers contribute to the US economy, working in agriculture. Remittances sent back to Mexico $22 billion. Formation of NAFTA bilateral trade has grown. Merchandise alone accounts for $1.4 billion per day. Imbalance in political power, border security, drug and human trafficking.
US Opportunities and Challenges- migration
Opportunities- Immigrant populations- low paid jobs which many find unattractive, contributes to economic growth. The immigration policy aims to attract highly skilled workers, to fill gaps in the labour market. Most immigrants are young so they contribute to the economy via taxes and help with an ageing population. Immigrants are consumers which helps job creation and businesses.
Challenges - An estimated 11.5 million unauthorised immigrants live in the USA. The US department for Homeland security has tightened its borders. There has been uneven progress for integration of migrants within the popualtion, eg language barriers and the size of the population prevents full economic and political integration. Where there are large numbers of immigrants there are higher demands for services eg water supply in California.
Laos migration
Laos is an LIDC, member of ASEAN, 73% employed in agriculture. Patterns of migration: Emigration - Thailand (930,000), USA (200,000), Bangladesh (90,000). Immigration - Vietnam (10,000), China (<10,000), Thailand (<10,000). Reasons for emigration - Wages are greater isn other countries, migrant remittances supply families, Low levels of education taking up low-skilled jobs filling gaps in labour market. Insufficient land and alternative occupations in rural areas. Migration to Thailand is easier via familarity of Thai culture and language, improved access across Mekong. Migration policies to stop trafficking - Prevention- awareness campaigns, education, child protection. Protection- repatriation and reintegration of returning migrants. Prosecution - investigation into trafficking networks and strengthening legal framework.
Opportunities and Challenges- migration Laos
Opportunies- Migration Corridor between Laos and Thailand is the largest in the ASEAN. This has stimulated political and economic co-operation in trade, investment and security. Bilateral relations with Vietnam beyond reciprocal labour migration eg 400 investment projects in Laos. Migrant remittances very important to families. Political stability due to migration and member of ASEAN.
Challenges- Most economic migrants are under 18, low skilled and illegal, vulnerable to human trafficking. Policies of migration rely on TNC’s like IOM. Loss of skilled labour such as carpenters and mechanics to Thailand, wage differentials remain high. Garment industry largest sector in Laos but growth relies on improved working conditions and retention of young female workers who may leave seeking higher wages in Thailand.
