Migration And Oceans Flashcards
Define Globalisation
Process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Define global governance
Rules used to regulate human activity at an international level
Define trading bloc
Group of countries within a geographical region that trade together and regulate imports
Define MNC
Multinational corporations, a company or organisation that operates in more than one country
Define Governance
Broad approach to guiding an organisation/nation/state
Define complete globalisation
The entire world operating as a single community
Define glocalisation
Distribution and adaptation of goods and services to meet local needs
How has globalisation changed?
- lengthened
- deepened
- sped up
How has globalisation lengthened?
Products are shipped greater distances than in the past, migrants and tourists travel larger distances from home
How has globalisation deepened?
More aspects of everyday life have become globally connected (it’s difficult NOT to be connected to other people and places through the products we consume)
How has globalisation sped up?
International migrants can travel quickly between continents using aircraft and can communicate with families at home using technology
Explain some Political reasons for change in globalisation
- decline of centralised (communist) economies (though communist political control is still strong in China and Russia)
- growth of western democracies and their influence on poorer countries
- the diffusion of government policy and development of market economies in former communist states
Explain a cultural reason for the change in globalisation
- impact of western culture through media, sport, leisure and celebrities
Explain some social reasons for the changes in globalisation
- global communications networks
- migration
- spread of ideas, information and images
Explain some economical reasons for the changes in globalisation
- faster, cheaper transport
- global marketing
- increase in free trade
- growth of transnational corporations
- long distance flows of goods, capital and services as well as information and market exchanges
- spread of ideas, information and images
Named the three theories of development
- Rostow’s Modernisation theory
- dependency theory
- world systems theory
Describe Rostow’s modernisation theory ( a theory of development)
He believed that countries economies grew in five stages, with each stage having to be achieved through the use of free trade, capitalism and democracy
Advantages:
- development of a country can be easily illustrated and presented on a graph as it’s one of five stages
Disadvantages:
- doesn’t acknowledge how developing countries really develop through the use of loans and aid
Describe the dependency theory ( a theory of development)
Views the world as having an economically developed core and underdeveloped periphery
Advantages:
- illustrates how countries can develop using exploitation of cheap resources
Disadvantages:
- the theory is far too simple to explain the development of countries in the world
Describe the world systems theory ( a theory of development)
Views the world as three tier. Allows some countries to enter the semi-periphery and then the core.
Give examples of flows of money
- London in 1986 removed large amounts of ‘red tape’ and paved the way for London to become the world’s leading global centre for financial services
- the value of the international tourist trade doubled between 2005 and 2015, it’s thought to be worth US$1 trillion annually
- in 2015, the value of world trade in food, resources and manufactured commodities exceeded US$25 trillion in value
- large amounts are transacted via stock exchanges around the world (US$5 trillion in 2013)
- MNCs based in one country invest in areas in other parts of the world
Give examples of flows of goods
- governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade (free trade)
- rising industrial demand, from countries such as China and India, for materials and increasing global middle-class consumer demand for food, gas and petroleum are responsible for almost all growth in resource consumption
Give examples of flows of people
- international tourism has increased, aided by tourists from emerging economies
- the spread of sport has led to worldwide fans, investment and globally televised events e.g MLB World Series, FIFA World Cup, the Olympic Games
- international migration has increased (3.5% of the worlds population are international migrants)
Give examples of flows of technology and ideas
- global data flows have grown rapidly since the 1990s. Much recent expansion can be attributed to the growth of social Media platforms and the arrival of on-demand media services
- faster broadband and powerful handheld computers have allowed companies such as Amazon and Netflix to stream films and music on demand directly to consumers
Name reasons for gaps in wealth and inequality
- speed of development
- geographical location (landlocked not near coast for trading)
- job market (unemployment)
- trade
- government/political system (corruption)
- wars
- access to resources
- access to education
Why might it be difficult to accurately calculate the flow of people?
- some people migrate illegally without documents so they’re unaccounted for
- lack of technology
Describe world migration patterns
- biggest move - South Asia to Western Asia ( 4 million people, interregional)
- big move - within sub Saharan Africa ( intraregional, 3 million people)
- small move - Central America to North America ( 0.3 million)
- smallest move - north Europe to south Europe (0.2 million)
What is inter-regional migration? Give examples
Between two regions
- migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the USA
- migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, the Philippines and Indonesia to oil-producing Gulf States and Saudi Arabia
What is intra-regional migration? Give examples
Within a region e.g a continent
- movement of international migrant stock from Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia to Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand
- increased migration streams within South America
- return migration in the EU
What is internal migration? Give an example
Within a single country
- internal migrant flows within EDCs such as India, China and Brazil
Why has migration increased?
Migration has increased due to technological advancements in transport and communication, leading to fewer intervening obstacles (physical, political or economic barrier that prevents migrants from completing their intended journey)
What is economic migration?
People who have moved voluntarily for reasons of work and the improved quality of life that higher earnings may bring. 90% of people who move, move for this reason
What are refugees?
People who have been forced to leave their home and travel to another country e.g fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution or natural disasters. Currently 35 million refugees.
How has globalisation led to a rise in migration flows both within countries and between them?
- in 2013, 750 million internal migrants lived in cities across the world. Global urbanisation passed the threshold of 50% in 2008, meaning that the majority of people now live in urban areas
- additionally, nearly one quarter of a billion migrants now live in countries other than the one they were born in
- in the 1970s and 1980s, international migration was still directed mainly towards developed world destinations e.g NYC and Paris. The developed economic core benefited from a brain drain of skilled workers from LICs
- today, developing world cities e.g Mumbai (India), Lagos (Nigerian), Dubai (UAE) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) have also begun to function as major global magnets for immigration
- much international migration remains relatively regionalised. In general, the largest labour flows connecting neighbouring countries such as the USA and Mexico, or Poland and Germany
Name two factors leading to a shrinking world for migrants
- transportation - decreased travel time means distance is less of an obstacle
- connection and media - lack of communication is no longer an issue major obstacle in migration
Why has transportation led to a shrinking world for migrants?
- introduction of Boeing 747 ( a plane manufacturer) (1960s) made international travel more common
- the growth of affordable air travel e.g easyJet has increased connections and movements between major cities
- high speed railways allow movement between neighbouring countries
- increasing proportion of global middle class has led to greater demand for flights between LICs
How has communication and Media led to a shrinking world for migrants?
- growth of smartphone apps increased communications between international migrants and potential migrants e.g the Facebook group “Stations of the the forced wanderers” helped over 100,000 migrants exchange advice on how to avoid authorities and find routes across European borders using GPS information
- easier for migrants to remain in social contact with friends and family, preventing isolation for migrants
- media growth and access can show potential migrants the attractions of moving to a new country
What is a diaspora network?
Communities who live in countries of likeness to their own but have links to home
Name some economic push factors driving international out-migration
- poverty
- primary commodity prices
- poor access to markets (work)
How does poverty act as an economic push factor driving out-migration?
Movements from world’s poorest countries are rooted in extreme poverty while movements from emerging economies can be explained in terms of relative poverty e.g Poland to UK after 2004
How does primary commodity prices act as an economic push factor driving out-migration?
In theory, a country’s primary commodity prices should provide opportunity for trade. In reality, this does not always happen and prices for raw materials are often low
How does poor access to markets (work) act as an economic push factor driving out-migration?
The decision of the world into large trading blocs is another reason why poverty persists e.g influence of EU in protecting farmers by imposing import tariffs on products from outside the bloc
Describe and explain two main reasons for Polish migration into the UK
- long standing relationship after WW2, Britain went to war after Germany had invaded Poland, this began a friendly relationship and connect between the countries
- Poland joining EU in 2004, this meant polish workers could move to other EU countries. Britain was in the middle of a boom at the time and needed workers which many polish migrants were happy to provide, e.g polish nurses and teachers etc. made the move
What is a global superpower?
Countries with the ability to project power and influence anywhere on Earth, becoming a dominant worldwide force
What is soft power?
Persuading others through making attractive and appealing policies e.g arts and music, influence of the media
What is hard power?
Getting your own way using force e.g military action, sanction and trade barriers
What is smart power?
The skilful combined use of both hard and soft power in international relations
Give examples of some military features of superpowers
- possession of nuclear weapons
- large land, sea and air army which can be easily deployed
- large ability to project power over the world
Give examples of some geographic features of superpowers
- large land/ sea area
- enough resources to be self-sustaining if necessary
- large population
Give examples of some economic features of superpowers
- enough resources to be self-sustaining if necessary
- large numbers of MNCs
- economic self sufficiency
- large national economy (high GDP)
- high economic growth
Give an example of a cultural feature of a superpower
- strong cultural influence over other nations
Define colonialism
Political control, direct power
Define neo-colonialism
Economic control, indirect power
What initiatives do dependency theorists argue that superpowers do to actively seek a state of dependency?
- loans (offered with high interest from organisations such as the World Bank)
- investment (often in the form of MNCs who benefit few in host countries)
- trade ( trade patterns remain unfair with LEDS)
What is the Schengen Agreement?
The Schengen Agreement is a treaty which led to the creation of Europe’s Schengen Area, in which internal border checks have largely been abolished. It was signed on 14 June 1985, near the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, by five of the ten member states of the then European Economic Community
Describe the Schengen Area
Within the EU, free movement of labour is permitted. The Schengen area has a population of almost 420 million people, about 1.7 million people commute to work across an internal European border each day. Each year there are 1.3 billion crossings of Schengen borders in total. 57 million crossings are due to transport of goods by road, with a value of €2.8 trillion each year.
Describe Britain’s colonial rule in Kenya
- Britain took political control of Kenya in 1895
- the colony was established only after large numbers of indigenous people were killed
- British used Kenya for both land and labour
- they established taxes which Kenyans were forced to pay yet received no benefits from the money
- Kenyans were restricted in what they could grow and sell and where they could live
- in 1964 Kenya finally gained its independence
Describe the fall of the British empire as a superpower
- economic decline - Britain ha overspent on war efforts and after WW2, was showing serious signs of economic ‘slow down’
- loss of military influence - heavy losses after the war
- loss of land control - one by one after the war for a range of reasons, most of the colonies became independent
Describe the rise of the USA and the Soviet Union as superpowers
- economic prosperity for the USA - emerged from WW2 as the world’s leading economic power, their economy grew during the war as they supplied weapons and ships to the allies
- largest land army Soviet Union - the Soviet Union emerged with the largest land army after many European losses
Why did the UK receive migrants between the 1950s and 1970s?
- migrants came to fill gaps in labour force that opened up after WW2
- there was still a large demand for workers in heavy and light industry
- gaps in skilled labour force e.g within the NHS, led to many doctors migrating from India, Pakistan and parts of Africa
What are rules permitting free movement in South America and Africa?
Nine South American countries have signed the Mercosur Residency Agreement, allowing citizens to have the right to apply for temporary residency in another member state. After two years the temporary status can be converted into permanent residency
Why are global hubs important? Give an example of one
Important when viewed at a national and global scale
E.g Silicon Valley, California, global tech and ICT hub, plays a vital role in managing foreign companies which have established offices there
What are some natural resources that can make somewhere a global hub?
- coastline ideal for trade
- strategic location (e.g Pacific Rim) encouraged investment
- oil resources
- physical factors aid growth of industry (e.g relief and minerals)
What are some Human Resources that can make somewhere a global hub?
- large labour force
- skilled labour (has universities)
- affluence attracts service providers
- languages spoken (English in call centres in India)
What is a remittance?
Funds transferred by foreign workers to their family and friends in their home country
What is the impact of skilled IT professionals from the USA, India and elsewhere working in the UK?
- source countries suffer from brain drain as large numbers of medical and IT professionals migrate
- benefits the UK as a host nation for migration
Define interdependency
When two or more countries are mutually reliant on eachother
Backwash is an example of interdependency, define backwash.
When large scale migrant labour flows become focused on core or hub regions, a process called backwash is said to be taking place, this process can drain peripheral places of young workers
State effects and beliefs about brain drain
- many economists believe backwash works in everyone’s interest
- provided EU governments with greater tax revenues to pay
- backwash effects are balanced out by the trickle down of wealth to every country
- some believe that backwash migration ‘losses’ for peripheral states in Eastern Europe are far greater than any trickle-down ‘gain’ they may experience
What does the UN 2030 Agenda for sustainable development say?
Countries must have an orderly, safe and responsible policy for migration
Describe Australia’s points based system
- gives points to people based on their age, ability to speak English, work experience, qualifications, marriage status, etc.
- ensures that the people that migrate there will contribute to their economy as they’re young and economically productive (advantage)
- however this system excludes a lot of people (disadvantage)
Why do most EU nationals come to the UK?
- 70% come for work
- 14% come for study
- 11% come for family ties
Why do most non-EU nationals come to the UK?
- 42% study
- 24% family ties
- 22% definite job
The UN says ‘ Everyone had the right to leave any country, including his own and return to his country ‘, what country is an exception to this rule?
North Korea, citizens need to be granted an exit visa in order to leave.
Similar restrictions on freedom of movement occurred in Soviet Russia.
Define land grab
The act of taking land by force (military) from native farmers to sell foreign business interests
Describe the impacts of the conflict in Rwanda (geopolitical)
IDPs (internally displaced persons) and refugees- civil war/genoside
Impact on source:
- 800,000 killed
- lots of outward migration
- population decline
- economic decline
Impact on host:
- conflict with DR Congo
Describe the impacts of the conflict in Syria (geopolitical)
International Refugees - Civil war, began in 2011, ongoing
Impact on source:
- large population decline - half of number of people that fled Syria are children
Impact on host:
- Turkey 4.0 million Syrian refugees
- economical impacts - many trucks for daily water and removing sewage waste
Describe the impacts of the drought and climate change in Sudan/Somalia
Drought leads to famine which leads to starvation which leads refugee movement
Impact on source:
- 1 million Somalis were displaced by drought and conflict according to OCHA
- drought and floods ruined crops
Impact on host:
- tens of thousands of Somalis headed to Mogadishu
Describe the impacts of land grabbing in Ethiopia
- 15,000 Ethiopians have been moved and displaced from the Gambella region to other regions
- Government says they will live in more modern settlements with water and electricity but they still haven’t been built
Impact on source:
- starvation of population who are forced to migrate
- villagers afraid to speak out against government as some people who have done, have disappeared
Impact on host:
- all happening within Ethiopia (it’s both the source and the host)
What is the 1951 UN refugee convention and why might it need to be reformed in 2023?
It’s a legal document which forms the basis of all UN work in support of refugees. Signed by 144 member states, it’s defines the term refugee, and outlines their rights. It may need to be reformed as there are many more refugees now.
Give a reason why some parts of the world have problems dealing with the flow of refugees across borders
Ethnicity - many ethnic groups such as the Hutu and Tutsi of central Africa have a ‘transnational’ identity. This means that they do not believe in the nationality of a country and the borders, they only associate with their ethnic group.
Militias - armies and militia groups from DRC’s nine neighbouring states repeatedly entered DRC on the grounds that ethnic groups with whom they claim kinship require support, also, human greed over DRC’s rich natural resources, including diamonds, has attracted unwanted militia.
Name three ways that the UN offers protection to refugees
- the Refugee Convention (1951) and Convention Relating to Stateless Persons (1954)
- the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- Peacekeeping missions and troops
Describe and explain how The Refugee Convention (1951) and Convention Relating to Stateless Persons (1954) offer protection to refugees
- the 1951 Refugee Convention is the key legal document that forms the basis of all UN work in support of refugees, signed by 144 member states, it defines the term ‘refugee’ and outlines the right of refugees, as legal obligations of states to protect them
- the 1954 Convention Relating to Stateless Persons was designed to ensure that stateless people enjoy a minimum set of human rights, including the right education, employment and housing
Describe and explain how The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) offer protection to refugees
- serves as the guardian of the 1951 Refugee Convention and other associated international laws and agreements
- daily, it helps millions of people at a cost of around US$5 billion annually
- often works with the UN’s WHO to provide camps, shelter, food and medicine to people who have fled conflict
Describe and explain how peacekeeping missions and troops by the UN offer protection to refugees
- UN troops are drawn from the armed forces of many different member states, including the UK, Germany, India and China
- the troops sometimes have a role in protecting refugee camps from further violence
Describe the work of Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in protecting refugees
- NGO Amnesty International plays an important role by identifying where human rights abuses take place
- they offer assistance to groups such as the persecuted Rohingya Muslims who fled persecution recently in Burma’s Buddhist-majority Rakhine state
Describe how National government policies accept refugees
EU states have struggled to reach a political agreement on where refugees arriving in Greece or Italy should be allowed to settle once their asylum claim has been accepted. In recent years, Germany had taken in many more refugees than any other member state, with 1.1 million refugees in 2015 alone, in contrast to just over 2000 in Ireland.
How many people are moving per week to cities in LICs since 2010 (approximately)?
An estimated 3 million people per week moving to cities in LICs since 2010
By 2030, how much of the Earth’s land surface will be urbanised?
Almost 10%
Name some pull factors for rural to urban migration in LICs
- better services
- more modern way of life, better infrastructure e.g internet access
- diaspora communities
Name some push factors for rural to urban migration in LICs
- unemployment
- poverty
- mechanisation of agriculture
- land grabs
- natural disasters by climate change
Define mechanised agriculture
Process of using agricultural machinery to mechanise the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity.
How does mechanised agriculture lead to rural to urban migration?
In modern times, powered machinery has replaced many farm jobs formerly carried out by manual labour of by working animals such as oxen, horses and mules.
Describe the role of MNCs in rural to urban migration in LICs
- have moved factories and offices abroad to take advantage of cheaper labour costs, this is also known as offshoring
- MNCs outsource production using foreign companies who produce goods or services e.g Apple, who design their products in California but assemble them in China
What are EPZs?
Export Processing Zones.
They are industrial areas set up by governments to attract foreign investment and to create employment.
What are incentives to companies choosing to work in EPZs?
- duty free imports of raw materials
- flexibility of labour laws (including some zones exempt from labour laws)
- generous and in some cases long term tax concessions
What are advantages and disadvantages of EPZs for workers?
Advantages:
- wages higher than rural farming
- working conditions are safe and clean
- created millions of jobs in different industries than traditional agriculture
Disadvantages:
- minimum wage only $1.50 per day in Bangladesh Chittagong Zone
- no unions - no bargaining power
What are advantages and disadvantages of EPZs for MNCs?
Advantages:
- high productivity - making 5 million pairs of shoes per year
- energy costs are cheap and low rents, $2.20 monthly to rent a square metre of space
Disadvantages:
- angry workers rioting 2010, people died in the riots
- reputation damage (short term)
What are advantages and disadvantages of EPZs for the host nation (Bangladesh)?
Advantages:
- high amounts of exports, which drives development
- creates millions of new jobs in Bangladesh
Disadvantages:
- relaxed environmental laws so there may be pollution
- criticism from NGO charity groups about failure to protect the rights of workers
- much of the wealth created leaves the country as it’s made by MNCs
