Migration And Oceans Flashcards
Define Globalisation
Process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Define global governance
Rules used to regulate human activity at an international level
Define trading bloc
Group of countries within a geographical region that trade together and regulate imports
Define MNC
Multinational corporations, a company or organisation that operates in more than one country
Define Governance
Broad approach to guiding an organisation/nation/state
Define complete globalisation
The entire world operating as a single community
Define glocalisation
Distribution and adaptation of goods and services to meet local needs
How has globalisation changed?
- lengthened
- deepened
- sped up
How has globalisation lengthened?
Products are shipped greater distances than in the past, migrants and tourists travel larger distances from home
How has globalisation deepened?
More aspects of everyday life have become globally connected (it’s difficult NOT to be connected to other people and places through the products we consume)
How has globalisation sped up?
International migrants can travel quickly between continents using aircraft and can communicate with families at home using technology
Explain some Political reasons for change in globalisation
- decline of centralised (communist) economies (though communist political control is still strong in China and Russia)
- growth of western democracies and their influence on poorer countries
- the diffusion of government policy and development of market economies in former communist states
Explain a cultural reason for the change in globalisation
- impact of western culture through media, sport, leisure and celebrities
Explain some social reasons for the changes in globalisation
- global communications networks
- migration
- spread of ideas, information and images
Explain some economical reasons for the changes in globalisation
- faster, cheaper transport
- global marketing
- increase in free trade
- growth of transnational corporations
- long distance flows of goods, capital and services as well as information and market exchanges
- spread of ideas, information and images
Named the three theories of development
- Rostow’s Modernisation theory
- dependency theory
- world systems theory
Describe Rostow’s modernisation theory ( a theory of development)
He believed that countries economies grew in five stages, with each stage having to be achieved through the use of free trade, capitalism and democracy
Advantages:
- development of a country can be easily illustrated and presented on a graph as it’s one of five stages
Disadvantages:
- doesn’t acknowledge how developing countries really develop through the use of loans and aid
Describe the dependency theory ( a theory of development)
Views the world as having an economically developed core and underdeveloped periphery
Advantages:
- illustrates how countries can develop using exploitation of cheap resources
Disadvantages:
- the theory is far too simple to explain the development of countries in the world
Describe the world systems theory ( a theory of development)
Views the world as three tier. Allows some countries to enter the semi-periphery and then the core.
Give examples of flows of money
- London in 1986 removed large amounts of ‘red tape’ and paved the way for London to become the world’s leading global centre for financial services
- the value of the international tourist trade doubled between 2005 and 2015, it’s thought to be worth US$1 trillion annually
- in 2015, the value of world trade in food, resources and manufactured commodities exceeded US$25 trillion in value
- large amounts are transacted via stock exchanges around the world (US$5 trillion in 2013)
- MNCs based in one country invest in areas in other parts of the world
Give examples of flows of goods
- governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade (free trade)
- rising industrial demand, from countries such as China and India, for materials and increasing global middle-class consumer demand for food, gas and petroleum are responsible for almost all growth in resource consumption
Give examples of flows of people
- international tourism has increased, aided by tourists from emerging economies
- the spread of sport has led to worldwide fans, investment and globally televised events e.g MLB World Series, FIFA World Cup, the Olympic Games
- international migration has increased (3.5% of the worlds population are international migrants)
Give examples of flows of technology and ideas
- global data flows have grown rapidly since the 1990s. Much recent expansion can be attributed to the growth of social Media platforms and the arrival of on-demand media services
- faster broadband and powerful handheld computers have allowed companies such as Amazon and Netflix to stream films and music on demand directly to consumers
Name reasons for gaps in wealth and inequality
- speed of development
- geographical location (landlocked not near coast for trading)
- job market (unemployment)
- trade
- government/political system (corruption)
- wars
- access to resources
- access to education
Why might it be difficult to accurately calculate the flow of people?
- some people migrate illegally without documents so they’re unaccounted for
- lack of technology
Describe world migration patterns
- biggest move - South Asia to Western Asia ( 4 million people, interregional)
- big move - within sub Saharan Africa ( intraregional, 3 million people)
- small move - Central America to North America ( 0.3 million)
- smallest move - north Europe to south Europe (0.2 million)
What is inter-regional migration? Give examples
Between two regions
- migration of highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil to the USA
- migration of workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, the Philippines and Indonesia to oil-producing Gulf States and Saudi Arabia
What is intra-regional migration? Give examples
Within a region e.g a continent
- movement of international migrant stock from Myanmar, Lao and Cambodia to Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand
- increased migration streams within South America
- return migration in the EU
What is internal migration? Give an example
Within a single country
- internal migrant flows within EDCs such as India, China and Brazil
Why has migration increased?
Migration has increased due to technological advancements in transport and communication, leading to fewer intervening obstacles (physical, political or economic barrier that prevents migrants from completing their intended journey)
What is economic migration?
People who have moved voluntarily for reasons of work and the improved quality of life that higher earnings may bring. 90% of people who move, move for this reason
What are refugees?
People who have been forced to leave their home and travel to another country e.g fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution or natural disasters. Currently 35 million refugees.
How has globalisation led to a rise in migration flows both within countries and between them?
- in 2013, 750 million internal migrants lived in cities across the world. Global urbanisation passed the threshold of 50% in 2008, meaning that the majority of people now live in urban areas
- additionally, nearly one quarter of a billion migrants now live in countries other than the one they were born in
- in the 1970s and 1980s, international migration was still directed mainly towards developed world destinations e.g NYC and Paris. The developed economic core benefited from a brain drain of skilled workers from LICs
- today, developing world cities e.g Mumbai (India), Lagos (Nigerian), Dubai (UAE) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) have also begun to function as major global magnets for immigration
- much international migration remains relatively regionalised. In general, the largest labour flows connecting neighbouring countries such as the USA and Mexico, or Poland and Germany
Name two factors leading to a shrinking world for migrants
- transportation - decreased travel time means distance is less of an obstacle
- connection and media - lack of communication is no longer an issue major obstacle in migration
Why has transportation led to a shrinking world for migrants?
- introduction of Boeing 747 ( a plane manufacturer) (1960s) made international travel more common
- the growth of affordable air travel e.g easyJet has increased connections and movements between major cities
- high speed railways allow movement between neighbouring countries
- increasing proportion of global middle class has led to greater demand for flights between LICs
How has communication and Media led to a shrinking world for migrants?
- growth of smartphone apps increased communications between international migrants and potential migrants e.g the Facebook group “Stations of the the forced wanderers” helped over 100,000 migrants exchange advice on how to avoid authorities and find routes across European borders using GPS information
- easier for migrants to remain in social contact with friends and family, preventing isolation for migrants
- media growth and access can show potential migrants the attractions of moving to a new country
What is a diaspora network?
Communities who live in countries of likeness to their own but have links to home
Name some economic push factors driving international out-migration
- poverty
- primary commodity prices
- poor access to markets (work)
How does poverty act as an economic push factor driving out-migration?
Movements from world’s poorest countries are rooted in extreme poverty while movements from emerging economies can be explained in terms of relative poverty e.g Poland to UK after 2004