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HISTORY - scotland > migration and empire > Flashcards

migration and empire Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the treaty of union signed?

A

1707

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2
Q

when was the union of the crowns?

A

1603

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3
Q

what happened to glasgow in 1901?

A

it became the official second city of the empire, after london

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4
Q

what were the 4 main industries in scotland, 1830-1930?

A

textiles
shipbuilding
locomotives
steelworks

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5
Q

what was the biggest industry in scotland in 1930?

A

textiles

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6
Q

how many employees did the cox brothers have in dundee?

A

14,000

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7
Q

apart from the uk, where were there textiles markets?

A

the usa and the colonies

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8
Q

what other industries were there in scotland?

A

fewer more diverse industries
shale (smooth rock)
whisky
singer sewing machines and beardmore planes (clydebank)

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9
Q

what were the effects of heavy industrial growth in scotland?

A
  1. huge growth in the population
  2. redistribution of population with heavy industrial areas of the west the benefactors
  3. agricultural employment in decline
  4. continued urbanisation - more people start living in cities
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10
Q

by 1911, what percentage of scotland’s population lived in towns of over 5,000 people?

A

60%

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11
Q

what were these heavy industries dependent on?

A

lots of skilled workers

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12
Q

who was paid less: scottish or english workers?

A

scottish

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13
Q

what did lower pay rates for scottish workers do for scottish industrialists?

A

gave them a cost advantage until the end of the 19th century

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14
Q

what was the textiles industry built on?

A

poorly paid female labour

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15
Q

immigrants from which country provided lots of labour?

A

ireland

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16
Q

what were the reasons to leave scotland?

A
  • high rents (push)
  • highland clearances (push)
  • potato famine (push)
  • consolidation of land (push)
  • poor quality soil (push)
  • decline in kelp industry (push)
  • industrialisation (pull)
  • communication (pull)
  • assisted passage (pull)
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17
Q

what were the highland clearances?

A

landlords evicted (sometimes by force) their tenants and replaced them with sheep, deer and game because it was more profitable

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18
Q

what was the potato famine?

A

potatoes were affected by blight making them inedible, which devastated many communities such as Mull where 80% of the population relied on potato alone for food

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19
Q

how did industrialisation cause migration?

A

people moved in huge numbers to urban areas in the lowlands in order to find work in the growing number of factories

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20
Q

why was poor quality soil a cause for migration?

A

the soil was very difficult to grow food on, making potato the staple diet for many. the 1840s potato blight meant that even potatoes could not grow properly, making it more difficult for highlanders to sustain themselves by working the land

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21
Q

why was the decline in the kelp industry a cause for migration?

A

this industry was very important and it’s collapse led to severe poverty and accelerated the clearances as people became economic migrants

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22
Q

why was the consolidation of land a cause for migration?

A

by 1830 land had mostly been consolidated into larger farms. this created a pool of landless labourers and the prospect of owning land disappeared

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23
Q

what was assisted passage?

A

between 1830-1930 various groups in scotland offered assistance to people hoping to leave the country. schemes were established by landlords, the british government, charities and colonial societies. the government were particularly active in this practice after WW1 when unemployment was high.

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24
Q

why was communication a cause for migration?

A

letters home from family members already abroad expressed the number of opportunities available elsewhere (availability of land, employment opportunities, improved standard of living). adverts in newspapers and posters also promoted the financial and social benefits of emigration.

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25
Q

what percentage of coal miners and iron workers in coatbridge were irish in 1861?

A

45% of coal miners and 47% of iron workers

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26
Q

why did many irish immigrants settle in ayrshire?

A

because it was close to ireland

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27
Q

why were dundee and angus attractive to immigrants?

A

the textiles industries offered work

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28
Q

why did many irish immigrants settle into edinburgh, paisley, stirling, greenock, kilmarnock and glasgow?

A

job opportunities

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29
Q

which group of irish immigrants tended to fit in better in scotland?

A

protestants from ulster

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30
Q

what did the church mean to catholic irish?

A

it was a place they could gather together and help each other and the irish social life was often focused around the church (youth groups and sunday schools etc)

31
Q

what did catholics set up in scotland?

A

football clubs, schools (celtic, hibs, dundee united)

32
Q

until the 1850s, who funded catholic schools?

A

the church

33
Q

why did catholic schools refuse to join the state system in 1872?

A

because the inclusion of religion could not be guaranteed

34
Q

what did catholic churches become?

A

charities eg the st vincent de paul society, the league of the cross

35
Q

what was the original purpose of celtic football club?

A

set up by a priest in 1887 to help poor catholics, provide food

36
Q

what was the irish population of dundee and glasgow in 1851, from the census?

A

glasgow 18.2%

dundee 18.8%

37
Q

why did protestant irish find it easier to assimilate in scotland?

A

shared religion, many had scottish names

38
Q

what were some negative aspects of irish immigration?

A

drunkenness
violence
disorderly behaviour

39
Q

what were some positive elements of irish immigration?

A

contribution to developing scottish economy
many conducted themselves with propriety
lasting contribution to scottish culture eg football teams

40
Q

who published a pamphlet titled “the menace of the irish race to our scottish nationality”?

A

the church of scotland (protestant)

41
Q

name some areas in glasgow and dundee that the irish went to

A

maryhill, saltmarket in glasgow

lochee in dundee

42
Q

what did an 1836 government report suggest about the irish?

A

that they were inferior to the scots

43
Q

which politician party did the catholic irish support?

A

labour

44
Q

give some examples of the perception of the catholic irish

A
  • not seen as law abiding or hardworking
  • seen as competition for jobs
  • seen as benefit scroungers
  • accuses of being strikebreakers
45
Q

what fraction of irish immigrants were protestant?

A

about 1/4

46
Q

how long have irish protestants been coming to scotland?

A

since the 18th century

catholics began coming in the 19th century

47
Q

did the protestant irish have trouble assimilating?

A

no - they had lots in common with the scots eg religion and language

48
Q

what jobs did irish immigrants do?

A

catholics:
textiles
coal-mining
iron working

protestants:
shipyards

49
Q

what were the four main groups of immigrants to scotland?

A

irish (catholic and protestant)
jewish
italian
lithuanian

50
Q

why did italians leave italy?

A

economic problems
poverty and famine
dependency on agriculture
lack of industrialisation

51
Q

what area of scotland did italian immigrants tend to settle in?

A

the south west (renfrewshire, ayrshire)

52
Q

apart from the south west where did italian immigrants settle?

A

edinburgh, the lothians, glasgow

53
Q

what jobs did italian immigrants do?

A

initially worked as peddlers (door to door salesmen) or barrow men selling ice cream

began to set up ice cream parlours and chip shops

also ran restaurants and hairdressers

54
Q

why did italians struggle to assimilate?

A
  • devout catholics
  • opened cafes on the sabbath which caused tension with religious leaders
  • seen as morally corrupt
55
Q

why did jewish people immigrate to scotland?

A
  • persecution by pogroms in russia
  • better transport
  • later, persecution by nazis
56
Q

where did many jewish immigrants come from?

A

eastern europe but later germany

57
Q

where did jewish immigrants go?

A

glasgow (especially gorbals), edinburgh, ayr and aberdeen

58
Q

who did jewish immigrants live with and what did they do?

A
  • tended to form their own jewish communities
  • lived in tenements with other immigrant groups to avoid attacks
  • created businesses in their communities eg bakers
59
Q

what jobs did jewish immigrants do?

A

initially peddlers

developed cigarette industry

tailors

butchers

lawyers

doctors

60
Q

name 4 countries jewish immigrants left

A

russia
latvia
lithuania
estonia

61
Q

what 2 methods of transport did jewish immigrants use to come to scotland?

A

railways

steamships

62
Q

name 7 places jewish immigrants settled

A 
glasgow
ayr
greenock
edinburgh
falkirk
dundee
aberdeen
63
Q

what language did jewish immigrants speak?

A

yiddish

64
Q

name 2 jewish newspaper

A

jewish times

jewish echo

65
Q

what was the name of the immigration act passed in 1905?

A

the aliens act

66
Q

why did lithuanians leave to come to scotland?

A

agricultural depression
poverty
tsarist oppression
politics

67
Q

how many lithuanians left between 1870-1914?

A

1 in 4

68
Q

in which decade did lithuanians begin arriving in large numbers?

A

from the 1890s

69
Q

where did lithuanians settle?

A

west lothian

fife

coatbridge

ayrshire

70
Q

what industries were lithuanians involved in?

A

mining
iron
steel

71
Q

what was the biggest employer of lithuanians?

A

mining

72
Q

what caused conflict between scots and lithuanians?

A

religion (catholicism)
seen as filthy
blamed for driving down wages

73
Q

what helped lithuanians assimilate?

A
  • kids went to scottish schools
  • learnt and spoke local language
  • often changed names to more scottish ones
74
Q

what effect did ww1 have on lithuanians in scotland?

A

many refused to fight

some saw themselves as russian not scottish

as a result some repatriated

HISTORY - scotland (2 decks)

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