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6GEO1 > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is Migration?

A

The movement of people between or within countries

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2
Q

What is Immigration and Emigration?

A

I: The movement of people into a country (or area)
E: The movement of people out of a country (or area)

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3
Q

What are the pull factors of migration?

A 
Better paid jobs
Services
University or secondary education
Better housing
Escape from persecution
TNC jobs
Better healthcare and life expectancy
TV and media
Family links
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4
Q

What are the push factors of migration?

A 
Lack of jobs, or only agricultural
Natural disaster
Famine
Political or religious persecution
Poor services, including education, opportunities or poor healthcare
Poor housing and living conditions
Government planning
Poverty (forced)
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5
Q

How does globalisation encourage migration?

A

Open door policies between EU member states (anyone who lives in the EU can live and work in any other EU country) can allow unlimited migration
Ease of movement of highly skilled professionals (doctors or footballers) - can move easily with fewer restrictions
Most investment from TNCs focuses on urban areas - encouraging rural to urban migration

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6
Q

How does globalisation discourage migration?

A

There are restrictions into the EU from outside or Mexico to USA - there are physical walls and border patrols
Many EU countries are increasingly being influenced by right wing politicians who discourage immigration

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7
Q

What is Birth and Death Rate?

A

B: the number of live births per 1000 per year
D: the number of deaths per 1000 per year

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8
Q

What is the Fertility and Infant Mortality Rate?

A

F: the average number of children a woman will have between the ages of 15-44
IM: the number of children per 1000 who die before their first birthday

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9
Q

What is Migration Rate?

A

The difference in number of immigrants and number of emigrants per 100,000 per year

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10
Q

What is Population Density?

A

The number of people per square kilometre

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11
Q

What is Natural Change?

A

The change in population between the birth rate and death rate (no migration included)

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12
Q

What is Zero Growth Rate?

A

When the birth and death rate are the same

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13
Q

Describe what a population structure would show

A

Women live longer than men
Bulges in the middle show either a period of immigration or a baby boom years before - not for LEDCs
Less baby girls than baby boys, but boys have a higher infant mortality rate
A narrow base shows a small number of children (low birth rate) - opposite for LEDCs
Indents show higher death rates than normal (war, famine, disease) or through emigration
A broad shape at the top shows a high proportion of people living longer - opposite for LEDCs

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14
Q

What are the changes in UK population caused by internal (changes in UK) factors?

A

Family size equal rights for females and carer options have seen a drop in birth rates
The legislation of abortion in 1967 and the use of contraceptives, such as the pill, have reduced fertility rates
The establishment of the NHS in 1948 has had an impact on increasing life expectancy
Access to higher education has widened
Changes in employment (more tertiary and social status)
There has been internal migration within the UK in particular to the South East and London

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15
Q

What are the changes in UK population caused by external (global) factors?

A

Periods of global recession - people have less money so less children causing birth rate to decrease
Global conflict
Baby boom
Less employment in dangerous fields of work
Migration - EU membership has increased immigration to the UK

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16
Q

What are the social impacts of an ageing population?

A

Increased pressure on public services (hospitals and hospices) - more carers and nurses required, unpaid carers will have financial and social pressures
Unequal distribution of older people (Eastborune and Falmouth have more retired - pressuring local services, other age groups may miss out on facilities - youth clubs/education)
Due to looking after dependents, working population may have fewer children making the problem amplify for later generations
Due to the low state pension, many pensioners may face poverty due to the fact they are living beyond their life expectancy

17
Q

What are the economic impacts of an ageing population?

A

Overtime the workforce will shrink, this means less people to pay tax but more people who need tax spent on them ,some groups in particular then young or disabled may miss out on funding

18
Q

Name 4 strategies to managing the ageing UK population?

A
  1. to increase the age of retirement by 2 years in 2015, this will continue to rise over this century
  2. Encouraging immigration of working age people to the UK
  3. Encouraging more women to have children (better maternity and paternity pay, working tax credits, state pensions to have career breaks)
  4. Offer employment opportunities for over 55’s which can utilise their skills and experiences
19
Q

What is an Employment Migrant?

A

People who move to find work or a better paid job (voluntary)

20
Q

What are Asylum Seekers and Refugees?

A

People who move because they are at risk (often war, famine or political persecution). Aylum Seekers apply for permission to live in a country, but if it is refused they are deported

21
Q

What are Illegal Immigrants?

A

Enter or stay in a country without permission, it may be economic or due to persecution. They may be failed asylum seekers of they entered across borders illegally

22
Q

What are the push factors of UK migration to Spain/Mediterranean?

A

The rising cost of living in the UK, in particular fuels costs and low interest rates
The UK climate is changeable and wet and cold in the winter
Lack of employment opportunities in the UK

23
Q

What are the pull factors of UK migration to Spain/Mediterranean?

A

Lower cost of living in Spain
Spain has a warm regular climate, and can help life expectancy and arthritis
Previous holiday experiences
Opportunities to start businesses

24
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the host country (Spain)?

A

P: Economically Spain can benefit from ‘grey pound’ spending - this can create multiplier effects in areas through new construction and provision of services for UK migrants, Spain can benefit from additional tourism form visiting friends and family and this may lead to greater migration in the long term
N: Spain will have a greater number of over 65s who will require healthcare and care services as they get alder, although UK Spanish residents have less rights this will put additional strain on the Spanish public finances

25
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the source country? (UK)

A

P: Reduced healthcare costs overtime due to retirement migration, less potential tax burden as the dependency ratio evens out - less pensions to support, less competition for housing and jobs for remaining UK citizens
N: socially grandparents provide free healthcare and support which would then have to reduce work and income, they loss the grey pound spending, valuable experience and workplace skills are lost from the economy

26
Q

What are the reasons for Poland to UK migration?

A

UK laws make it easy to live and work in other EU countries
In 2004, 10 new countries (including Poland) joined the uk, between 2004-07, 600,000 Poles migrated to the UK, most were economic migrants

27
Q

What are the push and pull factors or Poland to EU migration?

A

Push: high unemployment (19% in 2004), low average wages especially in manual and professional jobs (doctor), low housing availability, poor entrepreneurship opportunities
Pull: ease of migration, UK/Sweden/Ireland are allowed unlimited migration, good exchange rate at the time which boosted remittance value, plenty of well paid jobs particularly in the trades (plumbing, construction) and healthcare, family and friends who have moved pre 2004 have established communities of Poles

28
Q

What are the positives and negatives for the host country (UK)

A

P: Polish workers have helped to generate more tax income to pay for the dependent and ageing UK population, in areas such as Peterborough and Wolverhampton - Polish communities have flourished which has had a positive cultural influence, skills gap in the UK has been filled helping the economy to grow
N: most migrants were concentrated in small areas of the country (such as Peterborough) which has put a strain on social, educational and health services, there has been some resentment stirred up by UK press about Polish workers taken UK jobs but in realty this is unfounded

29
Q

What are the positives and negatives for the source country (Poland)?

A

P: Polish economy can grow due to remittance being sent back (£3.5bn in 2006), In Poland there are now less problems with housing shortages and access to higher education due to reduced competition for places
N: Polish population has shrunk by nearly 0.5% and birth rate has decreased due to most migrants being of reproductive age which could later impact the dependency ration and the tax and pension burden remaining on Polish workers, lack of works has meant that the Polish economy has stagnated in comparison to other East European neighbours

30
Q

How has the Poland to UK migration changed in 2008?

A

Many migrants have started to return to Poland due to: shrinking UK economy (less jobs are available), the Polish economy growing so there are more work opportunities and the exchange rate is less favourable (Zloty as more value)

31
Q

What are the push and pull factors or rural to urban migration in China?

A

Push: high unemployment (in 207, 160 million rural workers were unemployed), gender unbalance in rural areas (60/40 split - males need to move to urban areas to find a bride), absolute poverty in rural areas, lower standards of living (including poor educational opportunities and healthcare), corruption is widespread in some rural areas)
Pull: higher employment/more opportunities for semi or low skilled agricultural workers, higher wages (often 300% more than in rural areas), higher standards of living (better educational opportunities including university), better doctor ratio in urban areas/more specialist treatments, impact of Chinese TV and media which portrays urban areas in a more positive light than rural, better entertainment and lifestyle opportunities

32
Q

What is Urbanisation?

A

Process of moving from rural to urban areas, now only happening in LEDCs and RICs, this gives rise to the shanty town

33
Q

What is Suburbanisation?

A

The movement of people from the city centre to the outskirts of the city, this is due to people wants more space and better transport links. In developing cities, the rich often live in the suburbs

34
Q

What is Counter Urbanisation?

A

The movement of people out of urban areas to rural, linked to improved transport and communication, and high urban house prices, this is occurring in NICs and MEDCs

35
Q

What is Re-Urbanisation?

A

The movement of people back into redeveloped urban areas, this occurs in MEDCs (particularly USA and Western Europe), gentrification can occur in some areas, it is mainly young people who move for the entertainment and cultural opportunities

36
Q

Describe Curitiba, Brazil which is a large sustainable city (Population, Recycling rate, Bus system, Grass cutters, Average income)

A

Population: approx. 1.75 million
Recycling rate: highest in the world - 70%
Bus system: has helped car traffic decrease by 30% even though the population has trebled in a 20 year period
Grass Cutters: numerous parks to control floods rather than concrete canals, use sheep to cut the grass as it’s cheaper
Average income: has increased from less than Brazilian average in the 1970’s to 66% greater than the average

6GEO1 (5 decks)

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