Migration Flashcards by Tiff Y

Define Migration

movement of people from one place to another

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Current Spatial Pattern: Numbers

280 million- 3.3% of the global population are international migrants
740 million- internal migrants
1 in 7 is a migrant

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Current Spatial Pattern: Composition

Gender- 48% women 52% men- 51.9% of migrants in Europe is women
Age-74% working age
Migrants in the North is older than the South- median age 42 vs 33
20% migrants are under 20
Type: 7% refugees
More than 80% economic migrants

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Define voluntary migrants

People who move voluntarily to improve economic/social conditions in another country

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Define Involuntary migrants

People who are forced to leave their country of origin due to conflicts, persecution, or natural disasters

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Current Spatial Pattern: Direction

South-South migration- highest flow- 36%
- India-UAE- 2.1 million
-Bangladesh-India- 3.2 million
South-North migration- 35%
Mexico-USA- 11.6 million
North South migration-6%

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Define Inter-regional migration

Permanent movement from one region to another

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Define Intra-regional migration

Permanent movement within a region

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Inter-regional migration example

Mediterranean Migration Crisis
In 2015- over 1 million migrants and refugees reached Europe mainly from North Africa and the Middle East
80% originated from country in war or with repressive government
Middle East entered through Greece
North Africa entered through Italy
More than 3700 people died through the journey

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Intra-regional migration example

Migration within EU
2012 1.7 million people migrated within the EU
Germany is the greatest recipient of other EU migrants- 350,000 in 2013
Under EU law and Schengen Agreement- EU citizens can move freely

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Relationship between migration and socio-economic development

-migration has a positive effect on development- stimulate economic and social conditions
-migration has a negative effect on development- increase inequalities between ACs and LIDCs- and further show the direction of migration

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How migration promote stability

Economic Stability- remittances- stability in origin country- $505,000 in 2015
Money used to educate children- long term stability
Disposable income increases and spent within the economy- ‘trickle down effect’-stimulating the economy
Start businesses and stimulate economy
During bad times- pandemic, natural disasters, aids from ACs would decrease due to economic instability, but remittances would increase- which provides ‘insurance’
E.g Nepal Earthquake 2015, remittances rised by 21%
remittances means that children don’t need to drop out of schools increasing education and literacy rates

Political Stability- Social remittances- new ideas being brought back, erode the ‘norms’, implementing ideas of democracy and equality, empowering the weaker communities

Demographic Stability- counter acting the high dependency ratio- influx of working age population-80% of migrants to UK

Social Stability- multiculturalism- 79% agreeing people from different backgrounds get along well

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How migration promote economic growth & development

Host country:
17% of economic growth is from immigration
15 billion more pounds from tax contributions than they took out from the welfare system
Not like the ‘Lump Labour Fallacy’- migrants stealing jobs in the economy
The migrants would start new businesses and creating more jobs opportunities- ‘multiplier effect’
Fill in skill gaps in the labour market- brain gain

Origin country:
Remittances- bottom up strategy to boost the economy- investing businesses or spend the money in the economy- create jobs- positive multiplier effect- LT growth and reduction in poverty
Social Remittances- transfer skill and knowledge- start new businesses and promote development- ‘Brain Circulation’( migrants return to their origin country)

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Migration Optimist- (Name and his opinion)

De Haas
-migration promote growth and development
Emigration and immigration is low at first as residents don’t have money to consider both
Emigration rises as increasing development, decline as GDP per capita in home country rises
Immigration rises as country becomes attractive to economic migrants

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Migration Pessimist- (Name and his opinion)

Paul Collier
-migration leads to widening the development gap and inequality

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Positives of Migration through Flow of People

Brain gain
Demographic stability- counter acting dependency ratio- influx of working age population

Positives of Migration through Flow of Money

Remittances- stimulating local businesses
-social development- children receiving education
-stability through bad times

Positives of Migration through Flow of ideas

Social Remittances-diffusion of ideas and values- gender equality, fertility patterns, norms, democratic values
-political stability

Positives of Migration through Flow of Technology

Technology is needed to transfer remittances back to countries of origin- through mobile transfer
New technology being introduced by migrants and develop businesses or maybe develop in healthcare
Social Media- communicate social remittances- challenge values and norms
Migration of NGO workers- implement internet in rural areas of Afghanistan

Migration causing inequalities

Flow of migrants from periphery to core
Brain drain- loss of working age population- cycle of decline
70% Chinese students never return
20% of students don’t return after studying abroad
‘Double hit’ to the economy- tax revenue spent on education, but migrants leave and not paying back to society

Migration causing conflicts

-between host countries and migrants
Race Riots
‘1958 Notting Hill Riots’- following the WW2, influx of migrants from West Indies, racially attack by white youth
‘2001 Bradford & Oldham’- ethnic tension between local and Asian communities

At international boarders
‘Jungle of the Calais’- boarder of France and UK, home to 5000 migrants wanting to enter UK- tried to demolish parts of the refugee camps, conflicts rised between riot police and migrants in 2015
‘Greece Macedonian Border’- during 2015 European Migrant Crisis- 10,000 migrants were not allowed to cross the border to Europe, causing conflict between police and migrants, 300 migrants seriously injured

Migration causing injustices

Human rights abuses- migrants are vulnerable and they could be exploited and work in terrible working conditions- e.g Qatar World Cup

Human Trafficking- 40 million people affected by human trafficking which is worth $150 billion

Migrant detention- immigration detention centres in the UK have been criticised by human rights groups for poor conditions. 2021, 24,000 people entered UK detention centre

Hate crimes

Negatives caused by migration through flow of people

Inequalities
uneven migrant flow spatially- periphery to core- perpetuating development gap
Brain drain and loss of working age population- lead to cycle of decline

Conflicts
‘Jungle at Calais’
‘Greece Macedonian Border’

Negatives caused by migration through flow of money

Migrant remittances- inequality between families who receive and don’t

Negatives caused by migration through flow of ideas

'Clash of Cultures' -'1958 Notting Hill Riots' -'2001 Bradford and Oldham'

Negatives caused by migration through flow of technology

Digital Divide- economic migrants live in deprived areas, suffer from inequality in access of technology

Define Globalisation

The increasingly inter-connected nature of the world -increasing flow of ideas, cultures, trade, and people

Economic globalisation leading to emergence of new source areas and host destinations

International Migration: New migration corridors- OPEC countries- employment opportunities in UAE and Qatar- 83% residents are foreign born in UAE Asia-Middle East China- both emigration and immigration due to economic globalisation -emigration-2.2 million Chinese migrants in US -immigration-50% increase in 2000s -internal migration- 160 million-urbanisation- since 1980s Intra-regional migration: ASEAN countries-6.5 million migrants in 2013

High concentration of young workers

Young workers: 74% working age- as they have greater employment opportunities and could earn higher wages Low proportion of older migrants suggests that they return to their home country eventually Number of foreign students in universities- increased from 0.8 million to 3.4 million

High concentration of female migrants

2020-49.6% 51.4% in the Europe Why? Start playing a dominant part in labour market Patriarchal traditions act as push factor for migration Increasing access to higher education for women- international students- increased by 80% in OECD countries- financial independence Family reunion- migrate because their husbands migrated there earlier Forced migration-human trafficking Increasing gender equality- 'Equality Act' 2010 Contraception- have children later, average 30 years old in the UK Erosion of social norms- women's role no longer being housewives

Factors explaining why South South Migration is the largest corridor

-emerging economies- rapid industrialisation-increase employment- migrants don't need to move to the North to benefit- ASEAN countries -Refugees- higher number of refugees from countries with conflict or persecution- move to country in same region- 87.2% of all refugees live in the South -Proximity- 80% South South migration takes place between countries with mutual borders- due to high costs of transportation and cost of living- North is less attractive- most migrants from the South are poor -Administrative Barriers- Visas and bureaucracy -Bi-lateral Agreements- Malaysia and Thailand

How conflicts and persecution lead to increase in refugees

1 in 122 people is either refugee or asylum seeker Half of all refugees in the world comes from: Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia 59 million people are displaced In past five years more than 15 conflicts broken out- Syria, Libya, South Sudan

Syria Case Study

Conflict started in 2011- following 'Arab Spring'- led to civil war 11 million displaced 2015- Syria became the largest source of refugees-4.7 million refugees

Define refugee

Someone forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disasters

How changes in national immigration and emigration policies influence migration

Encourage new bi-lateral corridors as immigration policies becoming restrictive, new south south corridor opens up

Why are there Bi-lateral corridors and why do they continue

Economic factors: -cost of migration- encourage migration with mutual borders -employment opportunities -cost of sending remittances Social factors: -establish diasporas communities -colonial links- India and UK