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GEOGRAPHY 3. Global Governance > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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2
Q

What factors influence the type of migration?

A
  1. CAUSES
    - voluntary (economic)
    - forced (refugees)
  2. DISTANCE
    - internal
    - international
  3. DURATION
    - temporary
    - permanently
  4. TYPE OF AREA
    - rural-rural
    - rural-urban
    - rich county-rich country
    - poor country-rich country
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3
Q

How does globalisation facilitate migration for economic migrants?

A

INTERNET
1. knowledge:
- climate, customs, traditions, economy, threats, stuff to do, range of jobs, houses, schools, services
2. can see the location
3. allows social connection
- family, friends, communication, google translate, learn a language. APPS

TRANSPORT:
- lower cost, frequent, quick

SHIFTS IN MANUFACTURING:
- HEDCs or urban areas may pay more, increased connectivity means people can get there e.g. China, India = internal migration

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4
Q

How does globalisation facilitate forced migration?

A

INTERNET:
- international news shows countries to go to
- communication with other migrants
- mapping
- money: online payments, trafficking, remittances
- entertainment and education
- coordination

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5
Q

What were the top 5 economic migrant destinations in 2024?

A
  1. USA - 52.4m
  2. Germany - 16.8m
  3. Saudi Arabia - 13.7m
  4. UK - 11.8m
  5. France - 9.2m
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6
Q

What were the top 5 economic migrant origins in 2020?

A
  1. India - 17.8m
  2. Mexico - 11.1m
  3. Russian Federation - 10.7m
  4. China - 9.8m
  5. Bangladesh - 7.3m
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7
Q

What is it important to map migration?

A
  • to visualise patterns and extent
  • to understand causes
  • for atlases
  • management - policies, control, supporting or helping the journey and accommodating them
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8
Q

Why is it difficult to quantify the scale of migration?

A
  • limited checks, poor border control
  • volume: difficult to quantify due to speed
  • internal and illegal both difficult to control
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9
Q

Which country has the highest percentage of migrants as the total population?

A

UAE - 88%
- construction
- high paid jobs - q sector
- no tax

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10
Q

Which country has highest percentage of GDP as money sent home by remittances? Why?

A

Tajikistan - 50.9%
- lack of economic opportunities
-1m people go to Russia for work legally, with many more besides that
- after the civil war

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11
Q

Give three examples of migration

A

mid-2005 - mid-2010

MEXICO-US = 2 million
- better education
- better QoL
- well paid jobs

INDIA-UAE = 1 million
- well paid, high demand jobs
- better QoL
- construction

ZIMBABWE-SOUTH AFRICA = 300,000
- political crisis
- harsh economic conditions
- underdevelopment

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12
Q

What are the causes of international economic migration? Why?

A
  1. economic push factors
  2. cultural factors
  3. political factors
  4. Super powers exerting influence
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13
Q

What are the economic push factors influencing economic migration?

A
  1. Poverty
  2. Primary commodity prices
  3. Poor access to markets within global systems
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14
Q

What are the cultural and political factors affecting economic migration?

A
  1. Global diaspora communities
  2. Agreements permitting free movement
  3. Post-colonial movement of people
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15
Q

How do global diaspora communities affect movement of people?
Give examples

A
  • provides services for that culture
    e.g. food, services, health
  • language
  • cultural activities
  • looking the same

e.g. Polish communities in the UK
e.g. Chinatowns

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16
Q

How many British people live abroad?
What are the top 5 countries they live in?

A

5 million

  1. Australia
  2. USA
  3. Canada
  4. Spain
  5. New Zealand
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17
Q

What percentage of the world’s population live in a country they weren’t born?
(have migrated)

A

3.2%

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18
Q

What role did post-colonial movement of people play in migration post-war?

A

COMMONWEALTH
- immigration into the UK

  • post war = influx from the commonwealth
  • ‘Windrush’ generation = people from the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica) to fill the labour shortage in the UK in an attempt to develop/grow the economy
    WE INVITED THEM
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19
Q

How did migration from the Commonwealth change over time?
Give an example

A

MOVEMENT REDUCED/FLUCTUATED OVER TIME DUE TO CHANGING POLITICAL

  • as lots of people move in, public opinion towards migrants shifts to growing dislike for various reasons
  • so the government will change policy to reflect this, therefore reducing the movement

e.g. Enoch Powell, “Rivers of Blood” speech 1968

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20
Q

Give a government law that changed immigration in the 1960s

A

1962 COMMONWEALTH ACT
- needed a job prior to entering the UK
- needed skills that would meet the labour needs

CHANGED IN 1972
- needed a work permit
- people with parents/grandparents born in the UK could gain entry - effectively stopping primary immigrants from CW countries

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21
Q

Give some agreements permitting free movements

A
  1. Schengen Agreement
  2. Mercosur Residency Agreement
  3. African union
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22
Q

How does commonwealth migration to the UK compare today?

A

there is no policy to encourage migration from Commonwealth countries, they are treated like any other country
BUT
there are still disproportionally high levels compared to other countries due to diaspora communities in the UK

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23
Q

Give an example of when the UK has supported migration from the Commonwealth in moments of need

A

UGANDAN IMMIGRATION 1972
- Idi Amin
- 27,000 Asian Ugandans came to the UK due to discrimination

(an example of a sudden mass movement of people for a specific reason

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24
Q

What is the Commonwealth?

A

an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire

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25
Which year had the largest Commonwealth migration into the UK? How does it compare?
1961 - 136,400 1970s - 72,000 1980s - 54,000
26
What is a superpower?
A country that can exert (relative) influence over another country/region/the world
27
Give 3 global superpowers and why they are superpowers
CHINA - emerging economic status, largest military in the world (>2m personnel), industrial production and manu exports, nuclear capacity USA - population, size, geographical location on 2 oceans, economic resources, military potential RUSSIA - one of the largest energy reserves/one of the largest energy producers, e.g. largest natural gas reserves, strong nuclear capacity
28
How does a country become a superpower?
Hard power Soft power
29
What is hard power? Give examples
where a country expresses its influence through forceful actions or coercion that will interfere or have a direct influence e.g. war, military actions, economic sanctions (blocking of trade with certain countries - trade barriers) e.g. Russia blocking UKR gas supply
30
What is soft power? Give examples
where a country expresses its influence through economic/political/moral/cultural influence - a more positive/indirect, persuasive/encouraging approach, which doesn't physically enforce anything e.g. sending disaster relief aid, diaspora communities, becoming part of global governance groups such as the EU e.g. Major news networks such as the BBC broadcasting
31
How do global superpowers influence migration?
Over history, SP encourage migration as a calculated growth strategy - often at times of labour shortage, so they may attract a particular migrant: skilled or unskilled - superpowers migrant population is often located in a Global Hub - migration can be an unofficial way of maintaining superpower status through soft power
32
What is a global hub?
a specific place that leads in a something (e.g. subject area) or is a major city
33
Give an example of a global hub and why
LONDON - historical element - financial hub - global links e.g. transport - population - education - employment
34
Give an example of a place that is both a global and regional hub and why
OXFORD - education it is global, but very specific in its specialisation
35
What other types of hub can you get?
local/regional hubs which are important within the region or country
36
Why do places want to be global hubs?
ATTRACTS THE BEST PEOPLE - improves economy, increases economic activity through taxing and spending - improves investment in the area - increases population
37
How many humanitarian visas were issued in 2023? How did it compare to 2022? How many of them were: a) sponsored study visas b) skilled workers
300,000 down from 2022 a) 457,000 (41%) b) 66,000
38
What can happen between the source and host countries during economic migration?
It can create INTERDEPENDENCY
39
What are the impacts of emigration on the source country?
Backwash effects Spread effects Remittances
40
What are backwash effects? Give examples
Negative effects of the core's growth on the periphery e.g. - out migration of economically active people - outflows of capital - decreasing tax base - firms of the periphery not able to compete with firms of the core and therefore the periphery being flooded with the core's products slight homogenisation?
41
Give an in-depth example of backwash effects
POLAND - UK - Poland = semi periphery - UK = core A big business (e.g. quat sector) locates in the core, resulting in brain drain from the semi-periphery SO businesses in the periphery = less competitive than core, therefore products tend to be imported, impacting businesses in the periphery FURTHER EXACERBATES decreased investment from certain industries e.g. quaternary sect, high paid jobs FURTHER EXACERBATES decreased: - tax paid - wages = reducing economic activity (cycles with above) - spending from government WHICH IMPACTS PEOPLE e.g. lower quality services This will all cycle round, as more big firms will choose the core due to all these reasons. Again and again and again...
42
What are spread effects?
Positive effects of the core's growth on the periphery - core is unable to supply al the products the core is demanding, so supply from the periphery to the core increases - the core becomes affected by NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES (high rents, overcrowding, congestion) so firms relocate in the periphery = economic growth in source countries = upwards spiral multiplier effect, which increases economic growth etc etc etc…
43
What are remittances?
Transfers of money over international borders by migrant workers, which may provide financial support to families, keeping them above the poverty line
44
Why are remittances important?
- hugely beneficial to a country's economy and can therefore create interdependency between the countries involved
45
What top 5 countries receive the most remittances globally?
1. India - 120b (UK too) 2. Mexico - 66b 3. China - 50b 4. Philippines - 39b 5. Pakistan - 27b
46
Which country's economy is most reliant on remittances from the UK?
Jamaica - 1.7% 2018
47
Which country has the most remittances from the UK?
India - 3b 2018
48
Which country has most of it's remittances sent from the UK?
Ireland - 53% 2018
49
How many remittances does the UK receive? What proportion of GDP?
4.2b 2018 0.2%
50
What can the consequences of economic migration influence?
- Increase/decrease in global inequalities - conflict in host/stability - interdependency (remittances)
51
How have people in the UK shown their opinions on migration?
- 2015 study - 72% disapprove of them - we voted to leave the UK
52
What influences people's views on migration?
- personal experience both positive/negative - the media they are exposed to (newspapers/news channels) - social media - political movements - history - national identity and cultural changes
53
How does opinion on migrants change and influence governments over time?
1. government policy results in an influx in migrants (e.g. to fill labour gaps) 2. negative opinions about them increase - so the government policies will aim to reduce them 3. migrant populations decrease 4. positive opinions about them will increase, so people become less concerned about migration 5. government policy kicks in to increase them again... etc etc etc
54
What is a refugee?
a person legally recognised as fleeing their country of origin who is unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution
54
What is an asylum seeker?
an individual seeking international protection whose claim has not yet been finally decided on
55
a) What does 'internally displaced' mean?
people who have been displaced but are still within their country
56
Give some displacement stats: (mid 2024) a) forcibly displaced b) refugees c) internally displaced d) asylum seekers e) top 4 where they come from f) top 5 where they go to
a) 122.6 million forcibly displaced worldwide b) 37.9 million refugees c) 68.3 million internally displaced d) 8 million e) 65% refugees originated from 4 countries: Syria (6.3m), Venezuela (6.2) Afghanistan (6.1m), Ukraine (6.1m) f) 32% refugees hosted in 5 countries: Iran (3.8m), Türkiye (3.1m), Columbia (2.8m), Germany (2.7m), Uganda (1.7m)
57
What are the reasons why people are displaced?
1. Land grabs
58
What is a land grab?
acquisition of large areas of land in developing countries by TNCs, governments and wealthy individuals - can be illegal, or legal
59
Give examples of land-grabbing countries
China USA India
60
Why do countries land grab? Give an example
ECONOMIC GAIN e.g. agriculture, cash crops
61
What happens to the local people after land grabs? Where do they go? How much land was grabbed 2008-9?
when land is taken over, people who own/live on land are evicted - sometimes in a physical way with little compensation - leads to BIG injustice - land owners lose out, become forced migrants, and are internally displaced - they move to cities, where they are vulnerable to exploitation such as crime - then they may move to core countries, e.g. USA 2008-9: 60 mill hectares worldwide obtained. 2/3 of the land was acquired in Africa, neo-colonialism
62
Where is one of the most heavily used migration paths?
Across the Mediterranean
63
Give an example of a country with a good system for refugees
Türkiye - taking Syrian refugees
64
Describe the way that Türkiye deals with Syrian refugees
Over 20 huge camps house over 1/4 million Syrian refugees CAMPS ARE A FULLY FUNCTIONING TOWN: - mosques - schools - supermarkets - hospitals - playgrounds ALSO INSTALLED: - sewage - safety: lights etc - electricity - basic infrastructure MONEY: - £8b spent on refugees - each one gets a card with credit, £25 pp/month
65
What benefits do Türkiye receive for the proper treatment of refugees?
SOFT POWER - part of Türkiye's global reach and journey to superpower status POLITICAL - if refugees get citizenship then they will vote Erdoğan because of their experience, he will stay in power ECONOMIC - state sponsored provided Turkish lessons means people can get to further education/uni and grow the economy
66
Give 3 examples of UK government management of migration
Ukraine English Channel Syria
67
How did the UK government manage the forced migration from Ukraine?
- the government paid people to house Ukrainians SUCCESSFUL: - good take up - 210,000 people - people given £350 a month to house them, increased to £500 after their first year AO2 consideration - have they been let in bc they're white European? casual racism. Think Syria
68
How did the UK government manage the forced migration from the English Channel?
- 37,000 illegal migrants crossed 2024 FAILURE to effectively manage: - Rwanda - Money to France - 'Push Back'
69
What is the Rwanda scheme and why did it fail? (English Channel)
- if caught crossing the channel, people are sent to Rwanda - AIM = deterrent FAILED: people protested against it due to Rwanda genocide history
70
What is the money to France scheme and why did it fail? (English Channel)
- UK gave money to £476 million to France to stop the flow FAILED: little incentive to France because France doesn't want them either
71
What is the 'Push Back' scheme and why did it fail? (English Channel)
- UK sent boats back to where they came from - against UN protocol FAILURE: UN raised it as illegal, public opinion was aghast

GEOGRAPHY 3. Global Governance (2 decks)

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