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GEOG paper 2 > migration > Flashcards

migration Flashcards

1
Q

what are remittances

A

funds sent to the migrants country of origin

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2
Q

refugee

A

a person whos moved outside of their country to escape war, persecution or natural hazards

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3
Q

asylum seeker

A

a person who enters another country to seek refugee status due to fear for their life in their home country

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4
Q

whats an immigrants

A

moves to a country

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5
Q

whats an emigrant

A

moves away

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6
Q

whats net migration

A

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants for a specific country

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7
Q

UK international migration

A
  • main countries of origin for UK immigrants - India, Poland, Pakistan
  • main countries of destination for UK immigrants - USA, Canada, Australia
  • main reasons for emigration - jobs, retirement, families abroad
  • Women make up 52% of uks immigrant population in 2019
  • 35% of immigrants in the UK live in London
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8
Q

whats the difference between intra and inter regional migration

A

INTRA - moving within same region
INTER - moving between different regions

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9
Q

whats the multiplier effect

A
  • new or expanding economic activity in an area created additional employment
  • this is bc employees have more money to spend which stimulates more economic growth in the area which creates jobs etc
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10
Q

whats an EDC

A

emerging and developing country

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11
Q

benefits of remittances

A
  • contribute to the populations GDP in LICS and EDCs
  • stimulates economic growth and devlopment
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12
Q

how does global migration promote STABILITY

A
  • migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange so contribute to the ECONOMIC STABILITY of the recipient country
  • in a country where there is an aging population - young working migrants balance the AGE STRUCTURE BALANCE
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13
Q

how does global migration promote ECONOMIC GROWTH

A
  • migrant workers boost the GDP
  • migrants as consumers stimulate local economies in host country - food, clothing etc
  • fill skilled labour shortage gaps in host country
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14
Q

how does global migration promote DEVELOPMENT

A
  • skilled and knowledge gained when returning to country of origin - benefits the country
  • create networks - diasporas - religions, business, social etc.
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15
Q

diaspora

A

a group of people who don’t live in their original country but still maintain their heritage in their new land

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16
Q

how does global migration cause INEQUALITIES

A
  • origin country can lose youth - vibrant. loss of energy and spirit in society
  • origin country loses skilled workers - ‘brain drain’ - better educated who migrate generally
  • migrant remittances can increase inequalities between those who do reive them and those who dont
17
Q

how does global migration cause CONFLICTS

A
  • social conflict - ppl who dont like ‘newcomers/ outsiders’ difficult to integrate due to different cultures, language, religion, ethnicity etc
  • migrants may put pressure on services like health, education and housing - animosity from locals
  • international borders - physical conflict - due to having to control traffickers and illegal migrants
18
Q

how does global migration cause INJUSTICES

A
  • migrants are vulnerable to violation of human rights - forced labour, exploitation of women and children, trafficking
  • assylem seekers may not be allowed to work or be held in detention centres
  • refugees may not have adequit standards of food, shelter, water, medicine
19
Q

what is human trafficking

A

the unlawful act of transporting or coercing people in order to benefit from their work or service, typically in the form of forced labour or sexual exploitation

20
Q

how is net migration calculated

A

number of immigrants - number of emmigrants

21
Q

whats globalisation in migration

A

globalisation is leading to the emergence of new source areas and host destinations

22
Q

examples of INTER - regional migration - globalisation

A
  • highly skilled workers from China, India and Brazil –> USA ( technology, science, graduates)
  • India, Pakistan and Bangladesh –> oil-producing Gulf states (eg Saudi Arabia attracted by high demand for labour and free flow of remittances)
23
Q

examples of INTRA - regional migration - globalisation

A
  • migrants within southeast Asian areas of low-skilled workers from Cambodia and Myanmar –> fast-growing economies eg Thailand and Malaysia
  • within South America to countries like Argentina and Chile - more employment opportunities and higher wages
24
Q

examples of INTERNAL migration - globalisation

A
  • in Brazil people move from rural area of Brazil - Rio De Janeria - capital city. more jobs/higher wages etc.
25
Q

young worker migrants

A
  • attracted to higher wages, more employment opportunities and better QOL
  • demand for labour oil producing countries in Middle East - young labour-driven migration
  • eg male construction workers have moved from India to Saudi Arabia
26
Q

female migrants

A
  • 51% of all migrants in developing countries in 2019 were all women
  • women want greater independence and freedom
  • eg - high skilled women are migrating from Africa to Latin America
  • eg - women moving from India and china to Canada, USA and UK because there is less discrimination against women
27
Q

reasons why the number of refugees has increased

A
  • effect of conflict - reduced safety and destruction of property
  • political persecution
  • impacts of natural hazards
  • economic hardship
28
Q

difference between AC immigrant poltcies and LIC/EDCs

A
  • AC - migrants may only be accepted if they have a certain amount of skills eg UK has a points system which favours highly skilled workers to fill in the labour gaps in the UK market
  • EDCs/LICs - have policies that encourage emigration. eg Pakistan promotes emigration and helps to safeguard migrants. the remittances sent back to Pakistan are important because they boost the local economy etc
29
Q

whats a bilateral migration flow

A

a movement of migrants between two countries

30
Q

example of a large bilateral flow

A

USA and Mexico
- close proximity - reduces travel costs
- ease of access
- ease of sending remittances
- employment opportunities / higher wages
- cultural and historical factors - language and former colonial influence

31
Q
A

GEOG paper 2 (5 decks)

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