Migration Flashcards
Where was the first Viking raid and when
Monastery in Lindisfarne 793 AD
What religion were most anglo Saxons by 800 AD
Christian
What was the last anglo saxon kingdom
Wessex
What were the push factors for why Vikings moved to Britain
Scandanavia was becoming overcrowded
Denmark’s sandy soil limited he amount of animals that could be reared there
Norway was very hilly and it was a struggle to grow crops
What were the Pull factors for why Vikings moved to Britain
They knew how wealth some of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had become-they had previously traded goods with the Anglos Saxons in England for many years, and knew of their wealth
England had its own minting system
Opportunities for younger brothers who didn’t inherit land in Scandinavia because of primogeniture
Better farming land
What was the battle between the anglo saxons and vikings and when was it and who won
878- Battle of Edington . Alfred beat Guthrum
What treaty was signed after Edington and what was the result of it
Treaty of Wedmore- Guthrum had to become christian and agree never to attack wessex again
Vikings were to live in the Danelaw
Why was alfred known as alfred the Great
He strengthened defences across the country to make his land more secure using burhs
He translated the Bede’s ecclesiastical History
Alfred took the most just laws from other kingdoms and used them for his
Other kingdoms in england acknowledged Alfred to be overlord and anglo saxons began to call themselves agnelcynn
What was the short term impact of the vikings
Many Viking in Danelaw settled down and lived fairly peacfully with the Anglo Saxons
People travelled and traded between Wessex and the Danelaw and there was intermarriage between the Vikings and Anglo Saxons
After Alfred’s death, his son Aethelstan conquered Northumbria in 927 and was seen as the first king of england
By the time Alfred’s grandson (edgar the peaceful) became king in 959, the country was settled
What was the long term impact of vikings
Caused deathand destruction through raids
Settled in Danelaw, forcing Anglo Saxons to become second class citizens
Introduced new ways of making things (farming, crafts, amber, different foods, slavery).
Introduced new language, many words of which we still use today like ‘Thursday’ and ‘Dirt’
They laid foundations for Brtiain becoming Christian
Who arrived in Folkesrone in 991 and with how many ships
Huge Viking army led by Sven Forkbeard and Olaf Tryggvason arrived with over 90 ships
What battle was fought in 991 AD
Battle of Maldon-Vikings won
What did Aethelred do and why were the English angry
He paid them to leave and taxes raised to pay for this became known as dangeld.
This cost £1.8 million in todays money
It made english angry becuase taxes were raised to pay for it
What did Aethelred do in order to stop paying danegeld
He made a deal with the Normans which stated that they would support eachothrer against their enemies. This meant that Vikings would not be able to use Normandy as a base to launch attacks on Britain
Married Emma
What did Athelred do and what was the massacre known as? What year was it
1002- Athelred carries out mass killing of all Viking men woman and children in the south of danelaw known as St Brices day Massacre
Who was killed in the massacre and what did this lead to
Gunhilda (Sven Forkbeard’s sister) so he summoned a large army and conquered England . Athelred flees
When did Sven die and who succeeded him and who returned back to England
1014- Cnut succeeds him. Athlered returs and forces Cnut back to Denmark. Athlered is back on the throne
Who did Cnut lead an army against and in what year and what was the battle called
He led an army against King Edmund in 1016 at the Battle of Assandun
What was agreed after the battle of assandun- who died a month later
Wessex will belong to Edmund
Rest of England will belong to Cnut
When one of them dies, the other will inherit the land
About a month later, Edmund died and Cnut becomes king of all england
How was the North Sea Empire formed
Cnut gained England through battle and inherited Denmark and Norway from his brothers
Who was Emma and why was she significant
Widow of Aethlred
Sister of Duke of Normandy
She united vikings and anglo-saxons when she married aethelred but for Cnut, she brought lands to her marriage which expanded his empire
She was a strong leader who was respected and improved relations with the church and helped to bring peace to england
How did Cnuts empire end and what year was it
1035, lands split between his sons and neither were strong rulers and were able to reunite england
How did Britain change in a good way under Cnut’s rule
Trustworth English nobles were left to rule their own areas
Peaceful time and free from viking raids
Brought back the peaceful laws of Edgar the peaceful
Saw britain as his main domain
How did Britain change in a bad way under Cnut
Hostile takeover at the start of his reign
He was tough with anglo-saxons he thought may rebel aganst him
Ordered the execution of a number of powerful anglo saxons
Who became king of england in 1042 and who did he marry and what was the problem when he died
Edward the Confessor
He married Edith Godwinson
He did not have any children so when he died in 1066 there was a power vacuum
Who were the contestants to the throne and what were their claims
William- claimed both edward and harold godwinson had agreed he should take the throne. he was promised post -obitum
Harold Godwinson- Mot powerful man in england: witan supported his claim. Promised novissima verba
Harald Hardrada- Viking ruler of Denmark; stated that as vikings had conquered England for many years he should be king
Who was made king after Edward’s death and what events led to William becoming king
6th january: one day after edward died, harold is crowned king by witan
September 1066, Harald Hardrada defeated by Harold godwinson at stamford bridge
14 october 1066: King Harold defeated by William at battle of hastings
25 december 1066- William was crowned king
How did William control the english
Giving Normans land in return for loyalty
Each norman baron and lord had his own knights and soldiers to keep the place
Giving supporters top jobs in Church
Encouraging Norman Barons to build castles to control the whole of england
How did England change under the Normans
French customs were introduced
French became the language of those in power
The Normans built hundreds of new churches, cathedrals and monasteries
Which events led to Henry II becoming king
Henry I married his daughter to french lord, Geoffrey of Anjou
When henry died, a powerful noble ,Stephen, seized the throne
For the next 19 years, there were a series of battles as Matilda fought back
1153, agreement was reached that Matilda’s son henry would become king when stephen died
1154- Henry II became king
What land did Henry gain from his father and mother
Anjou and Maine from father
England and Normandy from Mother
How did Henry gain land through marriage
1152- Married Eleanor of Aquitaine in order to gain Aquitaine an later Brittany
How did Henry gain land through violence and what treaty was signed. What did Henry use land in ireland for
Henry invaded Ireland in 1171 and treaty of WIndsor-1175 which gave the
empire the East Coat of Ireland recognized as ‘the Pale
He used control in ireland to strengthen and build new fotrifications and to develop Dublin as a centre of trade and commerce
How many times did Henry II cross the English channel in his 35 year reign
30 times
When did Henry II die and who replaced him
1189- Richard I
How did Richard I lose land
He spent a long period of his reign in France on crusade.
Lost land in france to king phillip II
How did King John lose land
His poor battle record meant that the Angevin Empire was reduced to control of Gascony only
People in England had to pay high taxes to pay for attempted invasions to get French land back
John didnt listen to barons
Barons raised an army against John and occupied London. John needed their support so he had to agree to their demands
What did John sign and what did it mean
1215 Magna Carta- promised to respect the rights of barons and stop unfair taxes
Which territories did John lose and what was he left with
He lost Anjou, Maine, Brittany,Normandy
He was left with Gascony
In what year and who claimed the the french throne and declared war on France
1337- King Edward III of England declared war to protect his economy and power because French King tried to reclaim Aquitaine
What were the social ecnomic and political causes of the Hundred years war
Social- People of Britain would lose their business, such as in the wool trade and have to pay higher taxes
Economic- Edward risked losing taxes as French threatened control of wine region Gascony an wool region Flanders
Political-Edward thought he had a better claim to the French throne than the actual French king at the time(PhilipVI)
The French had offered to help the Scots who Edward was in conflict with
Which important battles did Britain win between 1337-1360. Which technology helped them win.Which treaty was signed and what did it mean
Edward III won at Crecy(1346) and Poiters (1356) and gained control of Gascony, Calais and other territories
Longbow helped them win
1360- Treaty of Bretigny- Edward renounced claims to the FRench throne,he would retain Gascony and Aquitaine. ended the first stage of the war
What year was the second stage of the Hundred Years War
1369-1370- Battle of Pontvallain where French won under the english prince edward back some of the land they had lost
Which England King led the third stage of the Hundred Years
Henry V
Which significant battle did Henry V win and how many men did both sides have and how many men did both sides lose
Battle of Agincourt 1415. England had 6000 men and French had 24000 men
French lost around 6000-10000 men and Britain lost around 400 men
Use of Longbow helped him win
Where did Henry conquer after Agincourt and what treaty was signed in what year and what did it mean
After Agincourt he conquered Nomandy and tightened his grip on France
Treaty of Troyes 1420-King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the French throne upon the death of King Charles VI of France.
Which individual inspired France take back control of their country
Peasant girl, Joan of Arc, claimed to have visions from God and led the army in many military campaigns until she was burned in 1431
How did the Hundred Years War end (what battle) and what area was England left with. What technology was helpful
Batlle of Castillon 1453- French won through the use of Cannons and Britain was left with calais only
What were the short and medium term consequences of the Hundred Years War
Some areas of France (Normandy) were devestated with buildings crops and animals destroyed
Soldiers and civilians on both sides were killed
Many english deaths from dysentery
Some englishmen got very rich from stealing riches from towns and villages
Bodium Castle in Sussex built from preceeds of the war
English lost money becuase of lost territories like Normandy
What were the long term consequences of the Hundred Years War
France became unified under one king
French and English had to pay higher taxes because of the high cost of weapons
Foot soldier became key element to army
Longbow introduces then gunpoweder, cannons and handguns were used more in battle
A new and improved system of taxation for France
Increased nationalist in France and England
English identity developed- began to see itself ‘apart’ from Europe
England stopped using French as official court language
England looked to conquer land outside europe-America
What happened eventually that led to the complete loss of french land in England
1558- under English reign of Mary I , France reclaimed and captured Calais
By 1400s what improvements had been made to technology
New ships and navigation devices
What did Christopher Columbus do and in what year
1492: Hoped to find new routes to India and China by sea and sailed west which meant he later landed in west Indies(America)
What did John Cabot do and in what year
1496: Sailed from Bristol on behalf of Henry VIII. Found no riches so returned home
Discovered Canada
What was piracy and plunder
Early attempts by Britain to find gold and create colonies were unsuccessdul but the established bases on North American east coast. They used the bases to explore further and plunder riches from Spanish ships and colonies, often using privateers
What is the difference between privateer and pirate
Privateer: Monarchs would give permission to attack foreign ships and steal from them and anything taken had to be shared with the monarch
Pirate: Sailors that did not share the stolen wealth
