Migration Flashcards
Why do people migrate?
Job opportunities abroad
To escape war or climate change
Better quality of life
Family reunification
What are remittances?
Money made in the country of destination to send back to the family and friends in the country of origin
What is made better due to remittances?
Poverty
Birth rate
Education
What are some positives to migration?
Remittances contribute to economic stability
Remittances supplement household income
Gaps are filled in the job market
Skills and knowledge acquired by migrants can be shared to country of origin
What is the importance of technology in migration?
Can be used for crisis mapping to avoid human trafficking
What are some negatives of migration?
Racism and xenophobia Limited housing Religious clashes Ageing population in country of origin Loss of young workers in country of origin Immigration policies can make it difficult to enter a country Human rights violations Human trafficking
What is a bilateral migration corridor?
Routes regularly taken by migrants moving from one country to another which allows for an easy migration route
Globalisation has led to both increased use of traditional bilateral corridors and the creation of new ones
What are some reasons for south to south migration?
Restrictive migration barriers in the north
Fast growing economies as Lidc/Edc countries have the ability to develop
Improved technology has led to a wider opportunity awareness
Reduced costs
Similarities in culture and religion
What are the main causes of refugees?
Loss of homes and services
Political persecution, discrimination, human rights violations
Economic hardship
Natural hazards
LAOS CASE STUDY
What is the largest sector of manufacturing employment?
The garment/textile industry
LAOS CASE STUDY
What is a major problem the the Laotian government due to its large amount of migration?
Human trafficking
LAOS CASE STUDY
How many resident Loas migrants are in Thailand?
930,000
What does the Lee Migration Model depict?
Pull, push and neutral factors in the country of origin, intervening obstacles for the journey and pull, push and neutral factors in the country of destination
Why has there been an increase in female migration?
Equality has led to girls having access to an education
More women are able to make their own money, not having to rely on their husbands
Led to an increase in high skill female workers
LAOS CASE STUDY
Why do Laotians migrate?
22% of their population are farmers which holds little financial gain
Manufacturing opportunities in Thailand offer more money
Droughts in Laos has led to food insecurity
LAOS CASE STUDY
What percentage of Laotian migrants are 18-25 years old?
80%
LAOS CASE STUDY
What does the National Plan of Action for Human Trafficking aim to do?
Prevention - awareness campaigns, education, alleviation of poverty
Protection - repatriation and reintegration of returning migrants, shelters and counselling for women
Prosecution - investigation, trained border officials, stronger legal framework
LAOS CASE STUDY
How has Laotian migration into Thailand strengthened ties between the two countries?
Laos-Thailand corporation committee - strengthened communication and trade, funding for healthcare in Laos
Mekong river commission - work together to manage flooding and hydro power projects
Rail links to not only Thailand but China and Vietnam too
LAOS CASE STUDY
What are some positives of Laotian female migration?
Empowerment - make money by themselves
Support - women can now send remittances to help fund family income without having to rely on a man
Equality - women gain control over their own finances
LAOS CASE STUDY
How have remittances improved Laos’ agriculture?
Money is invested into machinery - quicker and requires less man power, less likely to become over worked and ill
LAOS CASE STUDY
What are some challenges for the people?
Many Laotians are travelling illegally - more vulnerable to forced labour or human trafficking
Loss of young workers in Laos - leading to an ageing population
Garment factory conditions are poor - unsanitary and low wages
USA CASE STUDY
What is was the population of migrants in 2013?
41 million
USA CASE STUDY
What places are popular for USA emigrants? And why?
Mexico, Canada, Uk, Puerto Rico, Germany, Australia - political, economic and historic ties, returning migrants, job opportunities, better pay
USA CASE STUDY
What are the most common countries to immigrate into the USA? And why?
Mexico, India, China, Philippines - possibility of permanent residence, option for high and low skill work, better wages, ability to send back remittances, education opportunities, better services, family reunification
USA CASE STUDY
What are some causes and effects of Mexico-USA migration?
Closing of ports and creation of barriers - illegal migrants have to travel through Arizona’s Sonoran desert
Illegal migrants in the desert suffer from dehydration, heat stroke and liver/kidney failure
Legal and illegal migrants fill the gaps in the job market that aren’t wanted by the natural population
Mexico benefits greatly from remittances - currently more than 40% of Mexicans live below the poverty line
Estimated there are 12 million illegal migrants in the USA - people smuggling is a large business in Mexico, $1200-$1500 per person
USA CASE STUDY
How has the USA been improved through migration economically?
Contributions to the US economy by both legal and illegal migrants - agriculture, construction, low paid services
Higher wages in America allow for remittances to be sent back home
NAFTA has lead to more trade between Mexico and the Us - makes $1.4 billion per day
USA CASE STUDY
How has the USA been improved through migration politically?
Cooperation and coordination with Mexico - border security, drug trade, human trafficking and environmental issues
Joint management of the Colorado river basin and Sonoran desert
Creation of NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
USA CASE STUDY
How has the USA been improved through migration socially?
Diasporas of both Americans in Mexico and Mexicans in America - growing social and cultural connectivity
USA CASE STUDY
How has migration created opportunities?
25% Mexican immigrants work in manufacturing and 22% in transport - jobs Americans don’t want to do
USA is able to attract highly skilled workers - 51% employment from China, 73% employment from India for business and science jobs
Immigrants are consumers - generating wealth
Most immigrants are young - contributing to taxes and lowering the age of a country with an ageing population
USA CASE STUDY
How has migration led to challenges?
Unauthorised population has led to integration being difficult due to language barriers and socio-economic attainment
11.5 million unauthorised immigrants live in the USA
Supplies of resources and services are difficult to attain in high population areas of immigrants
BRAZIL CASE STUDY
Outline Brazil’s history of migration:
Forced migration due to the slave trade - 1550-1850
Europeans migrate over for the owning of coffee plantations and to create a more white and civilised country - 1550-1903
Larger sums of Europeans migrate over and some Japanese - 1904-1930
Japanese migrate over to work cheap labour to fill the gaps in coffee plantations - 1930-1953
BRAZIL CASE STUDY
What are some push factors of Brazil?
Little land for housing migrants
Harvest can be poor leading to hardship
Low quality of life
Many don’t own the land they are working on and are unable to improve it
Poor healthcare
Schools are poor and overcrowded
Large families lead to little inheritance of land
Machinery puts farmers out of their job
Little government investment in poor area
Experience of natural disasters - drought
BRAZIL CASE STUDY
What are some pull factors for Brazil?
Better hospitals and entertainment
Improved housing with electricity and water
Better chances of attaining a job
Better payed jobs in cities
Better schools - education is important to escape poverty
BRAZIL CASE STUDY
What is Brazil’s industry structure?
69% services
25% industry
6% agriculture
