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Migration 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Reasons for vikings invading

A

Weather/Climate, Fertile land, Overcrowding and Opportunity

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2
Q

Where did the Vikings invade initially and when

A

Lindisfarne 793

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3
Q

When did Alfred become king and what were his impacts

A

871 AD and he made Wessex more secure and just

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4
Q

What year did Vikings start to settle

A

850 (conquered Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia by 870)

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5
Q

What battle did Alfred defeat the Vikings in

A

Battle of Edington (878 AD)

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6
Q

What year was the Danelaw created

A

886AD (north- eastern region)

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7
Q

In 927AD what did King Athelstan do

A

Reconquered Northumbria to become the first King of England

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8
Q

In 991AD what did the Battle of Maldon lead to

A

Danegeld (

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9
Q

What was Alfred’s Significance

A

The rule of law (established a code of national laws including use of juries)

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10
Q

How did King Aethelred combat the Danegeld

A

Married Emma of Normandy (stopped Vikings from using port)

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11
Q

Who was mistakenly killed in 1002

A

Forkbeards sister at the St Brice’s Day Massacre

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12
Q

What year did Forkbeard conquer England

A

1013 (Aethelred in exile)

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13
Q

Why did the Vikings return to England

A

Gunhilda’s death
Danegeld encouraged invasions
Aethelred was young and in experienced
In 980AD viking raiders met no oppositions

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14
Q

Who replaced Cnut after he was crowned in 1914

A

Aethelred

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15
Q

Who replaced Edmund “Ironside” (Athelred’s son)

A

King Cnut

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16
Q

What was Cnut’s significance as king

A

Introduced coins of equal weight to the Scandinavians (encouraging international trade)
Married Emma of Normandy bringing greater stability to England
Ancestor of Harald Hardrada
Built churches and donated to churches

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17
Q

What did the North Sea Empire consist of

A

Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

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18
Q

Who succeeded Cnut

A

Harold I (1035), Harthacanute (1040) and Edward the Confessor (1042)

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19
Q

What year did Edward the Confessor marry and die

A

1054 (Edith, Godwin of Wessex), 1066

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20
Q

4 ways to become King

A

Son or male relative of previous king
Post-obitum
Witan ( powerful nobles) could suggest you as an heir
Force

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21
Q

Four candidates for King in 1066

A 
Harold Godwinson (Earl of Wessex)
William (Duke of Normandy)
Harald Hardrada (King of Norway)
Edgar Atheling (Great-nephew of King)
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22
Q

Who won the Battle of Fulford (20th September 1066)

A

Harald Hardrada defeated Edwin & Morcar

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23
Q

Who won the Battle of Stamford Bridge (26th September 1066)

A

Harold Godwinson defeated Harald Hardrada

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24
Q

Who won the Battle of Hastings (14th October 1066)

A

William defeated Harold Godwinson (crowned on Christmas Day)

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25
Q

Actions of William the Conqueror

A

Crushed rebellions due to political unrest
Domesday Book monitored all land ownership
Feudal System is a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service (King, Nobles, Knights and Peasants)
French Language
Norman Customs
500 castles built

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26
Q

Who suceeded William the Conqueror and then who suceeded him

A

William II then Henry I who united Normandy and England again by defeating Robert

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27
Q

Who became the monarch after William Adelin was killed on the 25th November 1120 in the White Ship Disaster

A

Matilda I (Henry’s only other child)

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28
Q

Who does Matilda have a civil war with (1139-1154)

A

Stephen and then Henry II succeeded him

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29
Q

What does the Angevin Empire consist of

A

Normandy, Anjou (from Geoffrey), Maine, Brittany, Aquitaine (Eleanor) and Ireland in 1171

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30
Q

In 1189 who succeeds Henry

A

Richard and then John

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31
Q

Why did King Phillip II start to take back territory in France (1204 conquers Anjou and Normandy)

A

Richard was off fighting in the crusades and John (Lackland/Softsword) wasn’t a good ruler

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32
Q

What is John forced to sign in 1215

A

Magna Carta (This agreed to respect rights of barons and Church, to stop unfair taxes and introduce fair trials.)

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33
Q

How long did the Hundred Years War last and why did Edward III start it

A

116 years (1337-1453)
Ancestry
France threatened to take Flanders (wool)
France and Scotland were allies

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34
Q

What were the three phases of the Hundred Years War

A 
Edwardian Phase (1337-1360) England won the Battle of Crecy and the Battle of Poitiers
Carolingian Phase (1369-1389) French took back some land
Lancastrian Phase (1415-1453) Battle of Agincourt
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35
Q

Details for the Battle of Agincourt

A

1415, 11,000 English defeat 30,000 French due to muddy conditions and archer accuracy.
English felt God was on their side, English identity born

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36
Q

Long-Term Impact of the Hundred Years War

A

Used English as official language
Birth of English identity and began to see themselves as apart from Europe
Began to look at land outside of Europe
Different battle tactics

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37
Q

Short Term impacts of the Hundred Years War

A

Huge casualties
Higher taxes
Knights out, archers and gunpowder in
United France develops

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38
Q

In 1492 what did Christopher Columbus discover and what did John Cabot discover in 4 years later

A

America and Canada/Newfoundland

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39
Q

Who were Elizabeth’s most trusted sailor’s

A

Walter Raleigh, Francis Drake and John Hawkins (father of slave trade)

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40
Q

Why were plantations important

A

Cotton plantations supplied raw materials for British fabric industry, finished goods could be sold back to colonies.
Meant they didn’t have to steal

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41
Q

When did the Slave Trade begin and why was it good for England

A

1619 Cheaper than indentured servants

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42
Q

What did the Slave Triangle consist of

A

UK would trade slaves from West African nations such as Senegal and Gambia for guns and alcohol.
Slaves traded with West Indies and America for cotton, sugar and tobacco.

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43
Q

Economic Impact of the slave trade

A

Supported by investors
Queen Elizabeth partners with John Hawkins
Charles II partners with Royal African Company
Many workers linked indirectly to slavery
Britain made £60m 1761-1808

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44
Q

Social Impacts of the slave trade

A

Towns such as Liverpool prospered, buildings built from profits
Many MP’s were slave traders
Europeans felt they were above Africans

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45
Q

When did the Slave Trade end

A

1807: Trade abolished in British Empire
1833: Slave ownership banned

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46
Q

What was the first and second colonies in America

A

Roanoke: 1583
Jamestown: 1607 by John Smith

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47
Q

What were the problems with colonies in America

A

Conflict with Native Americans, massacres on both sides

Natives contracted diseases such as measles and smallpox

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48
Q

Who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 and what colony did they establish

A

Strict Puritans (Pilgrim Fathers) New Plymouth

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49
Q

Who did Britain compete with for America

A

France and Nederlands

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50
Q

By 1732 the British had 13 colonies but why did America begin to rely on itself

A

English Civil War (1642-49) soon the economy didn’t rely on British Trade
Colonies saw monarchy as outdated
Many believed in equality and didn’t like being governed by a far away country as well as being part of the British Empire

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51
Q

What Acts led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773

A 
Navigation Acts (1651-73) - Colonies could only buy products sold from British ports
Stamp Act (1765) - Raised tax on paper and colonists forced to pay taxes to fund British wars with France
No taxation without representation (London Government)
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52
Q

Boston Party details

A

Tax on tea
£11,000 worth dumped in Boston Harbour
Britain closed ports and banned protest meetings

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53
Q

What was decided at the First Congress 1774

A

56 reps from 13 colonies met in Philly

AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

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54
Q

What years were the British defeated at Yorktown and was the Treaty of Paris signed

A

1781 & 1783

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55
Q

Impact of AWI on USA

A

Now a republic
Lost 25,000 men
Strong links with France
Cost of helping Americans contributed to outbreak of french revolution in 1789

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56
Q

Impact of AWI on Britain

A

30,000 servicemen dead
£80 million
Allies with USA

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57
Q

What year was St Bartholomew’s Massacre

A

1572 and 1000’s die

Many fled as refugees to Protestant England

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58
Q

In 1685, what did the Edict of Fointbleau revoke

A

Edict of Nantes which gave Protestants freedom

50,000 fled to England

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59
Q

Impact of Huguenot Migration

A

Skilled Craftsmen, weavers, watchmakers
Set up British paper industry - bank notes
Huguenot racism

60
Q

Why did resentment grow between Irish Catholics and settlers from England and Scotland

A

Saw them as invaders and the newcomers brought many changes

61
Q

Why did King George I clear the Highlands

A

Stuart-led Jacobite rebellions (1715-46)

Defeated the Jacobites at Culloder in 1746

62
Q

What forced the Highlanders to leave

A

1780-1820 - 1000s of evictions

Many starved and refusal to leave punishable by death

63
Q

What were the impacts of the Highland Clearances

A

1000s migrated to Canada, America and England

Scottish Diaspora made huge contributions around the world e.g. engineers, builders and explorers

64
Q

Who was the first European to reach India by sea and when

A

Vasco de Gama in 1497

65
Q

East India Company (established in 1600) carried what goods back from China and Japan

A

Silk, spices, china and tea

66
Q

Where were the EIC’s trading posts set up

A

Surat Madras and Bombay

67
Q

What did Robert Clive do

A

Defeated Indian army at Plassey and took over Bengal in 1757

He also made alliances with local princes in exchange for land and trade

68
Q

Why did the EIC become less profitable from 1773 onwards

A

Government of India act - EIC and British government now had joint control of India with Warren Hastings becoming Governor General.
By the mid 1850s most of India was controlled by the British

69
Q

Why did the Sepoys rebel

A

Unhappy at their treatment
Deployed in most risky places
Pressured into converting into Christianity
The Enfield Rifle (ammunition cartridge covered in pork/beef fat) - 58 sepoys refused to use them

70
Q

What events are due to the Indian Rebellion

A

Sepoys rebel in Meerut, freeing imprisoned comrades and killing british officers
Battles fought at Delhi, Lucknow and Cawnpore
July 1857 - 200 British women/children massacred at Cawnpore

71
Q

What was the British reaction to Cawnpore

A

Outrage
70,000 troops sent to India
Revenge was brutal and a year later (1858) rebellion ends

72
Q

Why would the British remember the Indian rebellion as a rebellion rather than a munity

A

Mutiny;​ an open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers
Rebellion;​ an act of armed resistance to an established government or leader.

73
Q

Impact of the British Empire on India

A

Jobs (coal mining, farming due to irrigation, factories)
30,000 km of railways
130,000 bridges, mines, factories etc
£400 million invested by 1914
Vaccine programme (malaria & smallpox)
Improved sewage and water systems - life expectancy increased
Famines blamed on British because they forced farmers to grow cotton and tea
Education improved, ideas about democracy (British legal systems) and english language more widespread.

74
Q

Impact of India on Britain (Jewel in the British crown)

A

Boost to industry (UK factories used Indian resources) - quarter of all exports went to India
Jobs created in Britain
Indian army fought in both world wars
Queen Victoria was a fan of tea
Indian style pavilions such as Brighton Pavilion
Words such as pyjamas, shampoo and cash

75
Q

Opinions on the British Raj (Good)

A

80,000 km roads, railways schools and hospitals
12,000 km of dams and canals
New legal systems helped settle feuds between regions and religions

76
Q

Opinions on the British Raj (Bad)

A 
British customs forced onto people
Local customs, language and religion ignored
Exploitation of indian workers
British seized land and resources
Resistance brutally punished
77
Q

Why was there a Scramble for Africa in 1870

A

UK dominance being challenged by USA, France and Germany
Gold, ivory and timber reported by explorers (Livingston)
Manufactured goods could be sold back to colonies
Dark continent to be englightened by spreading Christian values and setting up schools and hospitals
The invention of Quinine (1850) and the development of transport with steamships (1802) and railways (1811) encouraged colonisation

78
Q

What was the results of the Indian rebellion

A

British Raj introduced (EIC no more)
Queen Victoria became empress of India
Indians however had more say in running of India
Universities set up in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta

79
Q

Who was involved in the Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference 1884

A

France, Belgium - West Africa
UK, Germany - South and East
Portugal, Spain and Italy also involved
(African concerns were ignored)

80
Q

How many colonies did Britain have

A

16 colonies - Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria and Rhodesia etc

32% of Africa

81
Q

Was African resistance successful

A

Africans often fought to defend land but spears no match for Maxim machine gun
African success in Zulu wars (1879) was a rarity

82
Q

Cecil Rhodes significance (1853-1902)

A

Established De Beers Mining Company (1888) made a fortune of gold and diamond mining in S Africa
Controlled 90% of the world diamond trade and brought wealth to the UK
1890: Became PM of Cape Colony
Believed in Social Darwinism and was imperialistic
Attempted to asassinate Boer leader, Paul Kruger, triggering Second Boer War
Introduced taxes for black people and displaced Black Africans from their land
Brought wealth to the UK and set up scholarship for 83 poor students each year to go to Oxford

83
Q

Causes of the Boer War (1880-1881)

A

Boers descended from Dutch Settlers

1806: Britain invaded
1867: Diamonds discovered in Boer states and Britain ask them to unite with Cape town and Boers refuse

84
Q

First Boer War (1880-81)

A

Battle of Majuba Hill
Boers wore no uniform (blended in with population)
Armed with latest German weapons
Horseback and used guerilla tactics taking the British by surprise

85
Q

Causes of Second Boer War (1899-1902)

A

1886: Gold discovered in Boer states
Cecil Rhodes opens mines in Boer territory but Paul Kruger refuses rights
Failed assassination

86
Q

Second Boer War (1899-1902)

A

Early Boer victories due to underestimation
Jan 1900: half a million troops against 50,000 Boers (armed with latest technology)
1902: Boers surrender and in 1910 Boer states merge with Cape Colony to become South Africa

87
Q

What was the Scorched Earth tactic that Kitchener adopted

A

Farms burnt down, wells poisoned, crops destroyed

116,000 Boers put in concentration camps where 28,000 Boers die mainly due to disease.

88
Q

Consequences of the Second Boer War

A

6,000 British troops die, 35,000 Boer troops die
Demonstrated the lengths Britain would go through to defend its empire
Attracted criticism around the world
Third of British volunteers unfit for duty - worry for future
1906: Govt acts - free school meals, free health checks for children, unemployment benefit, old age pensions (Early form of welfare state
Series of reports about extent of poverty in cities

89
Q

How long was the Suez canal and where did it connect (1869)

A

164 miles and Indian Ocean with the Mediterranean

90
Q

Why was the Suez Canal important for Britain

A

Vital for British trade with India

91
Q

What was Disraeli’s significance concerning the Suez Canal

A

Bought a controlling share after a £4million loan from Rothschild

92
Q

What did the UK and France receive for bailing Egypt out of financial trouble

A

Control of Egypts ports, trade and railways

93
Q

Why did 31,000 British troops occupy Egyptian cities including Cairo and secure the Suez Canal

A

Egypt rebelled against British/French interference and Britons killed in Alexandria

94
Q

What was the brutal response led by Kitchener for

A

Uprising in 1884 led by Mahdi and British commander (Gordon) was killed

95
Q

When did the British gain control over Sudan

A

1889

96
Q

Why did the Irish migrate to Britain

A

Escape poverty
1846 - Potato Blight (1 million people dead)
Find better paid work

97
Q

What did the Irish tend to work as when they migrated to Britain in the 1840-50s

A

Navvies - building canals, railways etc

98
Q

What was the reaction to Irish migration

A

Blamed for diseases - Irish fever
Accused of taking jobs and at the same time considered lazy
Catholicism
Reputation for drinking and fighting

99
Q

Impact of Irish Migration

A

Liverpool, Birmingham and London have high Irish populations
6 million British people have Irish ancestors
Contribution to armed forces, culture and landscape (Navvies)

100
Q

Why did Jews migrate to Britain

A

17th century Jews allowed back after being expelled in 1290 by Edward I
Anti-semitic laws
Accused of Tsar Alexander I assassination
1870-80s fleeing pogroms

101
Q

Jewish Migration Reaction

A

Accused of taking jobs

1905: Aliens Act limited Jewish migration

102
Q

Jewish Migration Impact

A

Worked in sweatshops
Hard-working
Still face prejudice

103
Q

Where were millions of South Indians sent to work

A

Tea or rubber plantations

104
Q

Who and when discovered Australia

A

Captain James Cook in 1770

105
Q

What and when was the first colony in Australia set up

A

Arthur Phillip (New South Wales) in 1787

106
Q

What was New South Wales used for

A

Transportation of criminals from Britains overcrowded prisons (20,000 plus)

107
Q

How many people left Britain between 1815-1914

A

22 million people (govt created schemes to encourage poorer people to emigrate)

108
Q

Why did the population rise from 10m to 37m between 1801-1901

A

Better medical treatment, sanitations and food production

109
Q

Why did people move from rural areas to urban areas

A

Fewer farming jobs (development of farm machinery)

Farm work seasonal

110
Q

Why did the British Empire end (1945-97)

A

UK in debt to USA - less money to maintain colonies
Colonies were less reliant on Britain
Trade with Europe and USA more important than with colonies
World wars resulted in high numbers of casualties leading to consideration of ethics
UK accused of racism (Canada independence)
Rise of nationalism
British style education informed people of democracy

111
Q

When was the Indian National Congress founded

A

1885

112
Q

How did Britain reward India’s contribution to WW1

A

Giving 5 million rich people rights to vote

113
Q

When and what was the Government of India Act

A

1935 and gave India control of everything but the army

114
Q

When did Pakistan and India come into being

A

1947

115
Q

When did Nasser of Egypt take control of the Suez Canal

A

1956

116
Q

Why did UK/France withdraw their troops from the Suez Canal and Eden resign

A

Condemned by USA and UN and he resigned from humiliation

117
Q

When did the UK take over Gold Coast in West Africa

A

1874

118
Q

When was the National Congress of British West Africa set up

A

1920s and they demanded for control of own affairs

119
Q

Who was the Independence leader in Gold Coast

A

Kwame Nkrumah

120
Q

When did Gold Coast become independent and change to Ghana

A

1957

121
Q

When was the Kenya African Union led by Jomo Kenyatta formed

A

1940s

122
Q

Why was Kenyatta arrested

A

Thought to be associated with Mau Mau

123
Q

Why was Kenyatta arrested

A

Thought to be associated with Mau Mau

124
Q

When did Kenya become independent

A

1963

125
Q

Why did Britain relinquish control of Palestine

A

Didn’t want to deal with the problems between Jews and Arabs

126
Q

When did Cyprus become independent and what was a consequence

A

1960 and in 1970 Turkey invaded without British protection

127
Q

What was the last place left in the Empire before it was handed over to China in 1997

A

Hong Kong

128
Q

What nations emigrated to Britain after WW2

A

Irish, West Indies, Cypriots, Eastern Europeans (e.g. from Russia and Germany), Far East Asians, West Africans, Kenyan Asians

129
Q

When did the Empire Windrush arrive and how many people did it carry

A

1948 and 492

130
Q

When and why was the British Nationality Act passed

A

1948 and shortage of key workers

131
Q

What was the reaction to the Empire Windrush

A

Media referred to it as the “coloured problem”
Low paid work and racism
No Irish, no blacks, no dogs

132
Q

What were the impacts of the Empire Windrush

A

By 1960, 40,000 West Indian immigrants arriving each year
Most settled in industrial cities but never in London
1962 Immigration Act limited black & asian immigrants

133
Q

When and what was the Commonwealth Immigration Act

A

1968 and said Kenyan Asians with UK passports no longer allowed to enter the country

134
Q

Why was Enoch Powell a dirty racist

A

Rivers of Blood speech influenced Immigration Act in 1968

135
Q

When did Britain seize the Falkland Islands from Argentina

A

1833

136
Q

Why did General Galtieri invade the Falkland Islands with 12,000 untrained men

A

He thought the economic problems in Argentina could be masked by a successful invasion and that faith would be restored in his leadership

137
Q

Why did Argentina surrender

A

Port Stanley was recaptured

138
Q

Impact of the Falkland War on Argentina

A

750 killed

Galtieri replaced by democratic government

139
Q

Falklands war impact on Britain

A

255 dead, 6 ships sunk, 34 aircraft lost
£2.5 billion
Boost in Thatcher’s popularity
Reversal of humiliation of Suez in 1956

140
Q

What was set up in 1951

A

European Coal and Steel Community

141
Q

What did the ECSC develop into in 1957

A

European Economic Community

142
Q

When did Britain (and Ireland, Denmark) join the EEC

A

1973

143
Q

When did the EEC become the European Union

A

1993

144
Q

When did Eastern European nations such as Poland and Hungary join the EU

A

2004

145
Q

How many people now live in a different EU country

A

11 million

146
Q

How many Eastern Europeans migrated to the UK between 2004-06

A

600,000

147
Q

Impact of Polish immigrants on Poland

A

Ageing population
Less tax paid to government
Fewer skilled workers
Money sent home and less Polish unemployment

History (3 decks)

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