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Critical Reasoning > Midterms Vocabulary > Flashcards

Midterms Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Argument from example

A

argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more examples of it.

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2
Q

Conditional statement

A

an “if…then” statement

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3
Q

Necessary condition

A

the condition represented by the consequent in a conditional statement.

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4
Q

Explanation

A

an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon

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5
Q

Explanandum

A

the component of an explanation that describes the event or phenomenon to be described

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6
Q

Explanans

A

the component of an explanation that explains the event or phenomenon indicated by the explanandum

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7
Q

Illustration

A

an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done

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8
Q

Expository passage

A

a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence

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9
Q

Deductive argument

A

an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false, given that the premises are true

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10
Q

Inductive argument

A

an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion is false even that the premises are true

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11
Q

Argument based on mathematics

A

a deductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes

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12
Q

Argument from definition

A

a deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion

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13
Q

Conditionally valid argument

A

valid from the Aristotelian standpoint on condition that the subject term of the premise denotes actually existing things

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14
Q

Illicit subcontrary

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the an incorrect application of the subalteration

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15
Q

Modus Ponens argument

A

a valid argument form/rule of inference: “If p then q/ p//q”

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16
Q

Categorical syllogism

A

a syllogism in which all three statements are categorical propositions.

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17
Q

Hypothetical syllogism

A

a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.

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18
Q

Argument from analogy

A

an inductive argument that depends on the existence of a similarity between two things or states of affairs

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19
Q

Generalization

A

an inductive argument that proceeds form the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group

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20
Q

Prediction

A

an inductive argument that proceeds from knowledge of some event in the relative past to a claim about some other even in the relative future

21
Q

Argument from authority

A

an inductive argument in which the conclusion rests on a statement made by some presumed authority or witness

22
Q

Argument based on signs

A

an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes

23
Q

Causal inference

A

an inductive inference that proceeds form knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause

24
Q

Particular statement

A

a statement that makes a claim about one or more (but not all) members of a class.

25
Q

General statement

A

a statement that makes a claim about all the members of a class.

26
Q

Conversion

A

an operation that consists in switching the subject and predicate terms in a standard form categorical proposition

27
Q

Obversion

A

an operation that consists of changing the quality of a standard-form categorical proposition and replacing the predicate term with its term complement

28
Q

Contraposition

A

an operation that consists in switching the subject and predicate terms in a standard form categorical proposition and replacing each with its term complement.

29
Q

Illicit conversion

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the conversion of an A or O statement

30
Q

Illicit subalteration

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument deepens on an incorrect application of the subalteratiuon relation.

31
Q

Modus Tollens argument

A

a valid argument form/rule of inference “If p then q / not q//not p”.

32
Q

Inference

A

the reasoning process expressed by an argument

33
Q

Figure

A

an attribute of a categorical syllogism that specifies the location of the middle term.

34
Q

Illicit contraposition

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the contraposition of an E or I statement

35
Q

Major term

A

in a standard form categorical syllogism, the predicate of the conclusion

36
Q

Minor term

A

in a standard form categorical syllogism; the subject of the conclusion.

37
Q

Middle term

A

in a standard form categorical syllogism, the term that occurs only in the premises

38
Q

Illicit major

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the major term in a categorical syllogism is distributed in the conclusion but not in the premise

39
Q

Illicit minor

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the minor term in a categorical syllogism is distributed in the conclusion but not in the premise

40
Q

Valid deductive argument

A

an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

41
Q

Invalid deductive argument

A

a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

42
Q

Soundness

A

a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises

43
Q

Unsound argument

A

a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises

44
Q

Strong inductive argument

A

an inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.

45
Q

Weak inductive argument

A

an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to do so

46
Q

Cogent

A

an inductive argument that is strong, has all true premises, and meets the total evidence requirement

47
Q

Uncogent

A

an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, fails to meet total evidence requirement, or any combination of these.

48
Q

Illicit contrary

A

a formal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on an incorrect application of the contrary relation.

49
Q

Logically undetermined truth value

A

a condition that exists when a certain statement is not necessarily either true or false, given the truth value of some related statement

Critical Reasoning (1 decks)

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