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International Healthcare Business > Midterms ss/ws 21-22 > Flashcards

Midterms ss/ws 21-22 Flashcards

1
Q

What can be a disadvantage of a DRG reimbursement scheme? Multiple answers are allowed.

a) Underuse
b) Decrease in the number of patients treated
c) Inappropriately early (‘bloody’) discharges

A

a) Underuse
c) Inappropriately early (‘bloody’) discharges

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2
Q

What is the total number of new chemical plus biological drugs that currently enter the world market per year?
a) 10 – 30
b) More than 30
c) More than 100
d) More than 500

A

b) More than 30

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3
Q

What type of incentive can policy makers introduce in order to promote the use of generics? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Pay-for-performance remuneration for prescribers based on the share of generics in prescribed medicines
b) Patient co-payments for branded drugs
c) Reference pricing

A

a b c (all three)

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4
Q

What type of health care system handles financing and provision within one organizational system?
a) Beveridge
b) Bismarck
c) NHI

A

a) Beveridge

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5
Q

What is the probability of approving a new medicine that enters clinical trials?
a) 1%
b) More than 5%
c) More than 20%
d) More than 50%

A

b) More than 5%

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6
Q

What percentage of its GDP does Germany spend on health care?
a) 8%
b) 10%
c) 12%
d) 14%
e) 16%

A

c) 12%

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7
Q

What percentage of total hospital costs are labor costs?
a) 30%-50%
b) 50%-70%
c) 70%-90%

A

b) 50%-70%

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8
Q

Why can larger hospitals be more efficient than smaller ones? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Diseconomies of scale
b) Lower purchasing costs due to rebates
c) Specialization and attraction of highly qualified workforce
d) Spreading of variable costs

A

b) Lower purchasing costs due to rebates
c) Specialization and attraction of highly qualified workforce

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9
Q

Why do European agencies for reimbursing new pharmaceuticals prefer to see controlled trials with an active comparator as opposed to a placebo comparator? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) More difficult to demonstrate an added benefit
b) Easier to demonstrate whether a benefit exists
c) Price potential over comparator is limited

A

a) More difficult to demonstrate an added benefit
c) Price potential over comparator is limited

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10
Q

Which country has a single-payer health care system? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) UK
b) Canada
c) Germany
d) Sweden

A

a) UK
b) Canada
d) Sweden

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11
Q

Which country has a payer-provider split? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Norway
b) Canada
c) Germany
d) Netherlands

A

b) Canada
c) Germany
d) Netherlands

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12
Q

How are health payments in a Bismarck model financed? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Financed only by employers
b) Financed only by employees
c) Financed jointly by employers and employees
d) Financed by taxed
e) Financed by insurance premiums

A

c) Financed jointly by employers and employees
e) Financed by insurance premiums

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13
Q

What stage of developing a drug has the lowest probability of failure?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3

A

c) 3

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14
Q

What are stages of developing a vaccine plus the corresponding goals? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) pre-clinical stage: testing on humans
b) pre-clinical stage: testing on animals
c) phase 1: safety
d) phase 1: testing on humans
e) phase 2: preliminary data on effectiveness
f) phase 3: confirmatory data on safety & effectiveness

A

b) pre-clinical stage: testing on animals
c) phase 1: safety
d) phase 1: testing on humans
e) phase 2: preliminary data on effectiveness
f) phase 3: confirmatory data on safety & effectiveness

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15
Q

Do you expect first-line or third-line therapy of an oncological disease to be more effective? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Third-line therapy is more effective because of higher mortality of patients (larger potential for improvement).
b) First-line therapy is less effective because more patients have received treatment already.
c) Third-line therapy is less effective because patients have a worse prognosis (patients may die anyway).

A

a) Third-line therapy is more effective because of higher mortality of patients (larger potential for improvement).
c) Third-line therapy is less effective because patients have a worse prognosis (patients may die anyway).

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16
Q

Suppose a heterogeneous disease. What test would you suggest to direct treatment to those individuals who can benefit from a therapy? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Biomarker test
b) PCR test
c) Genetic test
d) Antigen test

A

a) Biomarker test
c) Genetic test

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is/are true about the relationship between log GDP per capita and log health expenditures across countries?
a) The relationship is linear.
b) The relationship is concave.
c) The relationship is convex.
d) An R2 of 95% means that 95% of the proportion of the variance for log health expenditures is explained by log GDP per capita.
e) An R2 of 95% means that if GDP per capita increases by 100%, health expenditures increase by 95%.

A

a) The relationship is linear.
d) An R2 of 95% means that 95% of the proportion of the variance for log health expenditures is explained by log GDP per capita.

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18
Q

What are common criteria to compare international healthcare systems? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Life expectancy
b) Waiting times
c) Fair financing
d) Efficiency

A

all

19
Q

What term defines the number of persons in a population who become ill? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Incidence
b) Prevalence
c) Mortality

A

a) Incidence

20
Q

What factors may influence the relationship between health spending and infant mortality across countries. Multiple answers are allowed.
a) GDP
b) Social and financial risk protection
c) Education

A

all

21
Q

What are potential sources of hospital revenues? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Payers
b) Patients
c) Sickness funds
d) Government

A

all

22
Q

Which strategy is used by health systems with the intention to reduce health expenditures? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Single payer approach
b) DRGs
c) Fee-for-service payments
d) Patient co-payments

A

a) Single payer approach
b) DRGs
d) Patient co-payments

23
Q

What is a demand-side factor for increasing health expenditures? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Demographic changes
b) Income increase
c) Individual expectations
d) GDP growth
e) New indications for existing technologies

A

a) Demographic changes
b) Income increase
c) Individual expectations
d) GDP growth

24
Q

What are sources of market failure in health care? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Moral hazard
b) Information asymmetry
c) High expenditures for marketing
d) Medical arms races
e) Risk selection

A

a) Moral hazard
b) Information asymmetry
d) Medical arms races

25
Q

What is a profit maximizing strategy by a hospital located in Germany or Switzerland? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Reduce costs per patient
b) Increase the price per service
c) Increase the number of patients
d) Concentrate on more profitable patients

A

a) Reduce costs per patient
c) Increase the number of patients
d) Concentrate on more profitable patients

26
Q

How is the contribution margin per hour of OR time calculated?
a) (DRG payment – variable cost)/(fixed cost)
b) (DRG payment – variable cost)/(OR hours)
c) profit/(fixed cost)
d) profit/(OR hours)
e) (DRG payment – fixed cost)/(OR hours)

A

b) (DRG payment – variable cost)/(OR hours)

27
Q

What is the most common reimbursement scheme of hospitals in industrialized countries? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) DRGs
b) Fee-for-service
c) Per-diem
d) Fixed payment per day
e) Case-based payment

A

a) DRGs
e) Case-based payment

28
Q

A hospital thinks about increasing the capacity of its OR by hiring additional labor. What type of analysis is most appropriate for an assessment?
a) Break-even analysis
b) Contribution-margin analysis
c) Fixed-cost analysis
d) Variable-cost analysis

A

a) Break-even analysis

29
Q

Why would a pharmaceutical company prefer shortening the duration of a phase III clinical trial? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Lower trial costs
b) Longer period of patent protection while the drug is on the market
c) Longer period of patent protection since patent grant
d) Duration of regulatory approval can be expedited

A

a) Lower trial costs
b) Longer period of patent protection while the drug is on the market

30
Q

Does the US have a good healthcare system according to the WHO report 2000?
a) no
b) yes

A

a) no

31
Q

What are hospital outcomes for the treatment of patients with heart disease? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) All-cause mortality
b) Readmission to the hospital
c) Patient-reported quality of life
d) Procedures undertaken

A

a) All-cause mortality
b) Readmission to the hospital
c) Patient-reported quality of life

32
Q

What are hospital inputs for the treatment of patients with heart disease? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Number of hours worked by physicians
b) Medical equipment
c) Pharmaceuticals
d) Number of patients treated

A

a) Number of hours worked by physicians
b) Medical equipment
c) Pharmaceuticals

33
Q

How much does it cost on average to bring a new drug to market (without capital costs but including costs of failures)?
a) 50 million
b) 100 million
c) 500 million
d) 1 billion
e) 5 billion

A

d) 1 billion

34
Q

How long does it take on average to bring a new drug to market from initial discovery?
a) 1 year
b) 5 years
c) 10 years
d) 15 years
e) 20 years

A

c) 10 years

35
Q

Which provider payment mechanisms entail the risk of overuse? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Fee-for-service
b) Salary
c) Bundled payment
d) Capitation
e) Pay-for-performance

A

a) Fee-for-service
c) Bundled payment

36
Q

Which provider payment mechanisms entail the risk of underuse? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Fee-for-service
b) Salary
c) Bundled payment
d) Capitation
e) Pay-for-performance

A

b) Salary
c) Bundled payment
d) Capitation

37
Q

How are health payments in a Bismarck model financed? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Financed only by employers
b) Financed only by employees
c) Financed jointly by employers and employees
d) Financed by taxed
e) Financed by insurance premiums

A

c) Financed jointly by employers and employees
e) Financed by insurance premiums

38
Q

What are stages of developing a vaccine plus the corresponding goals? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) pre-clinical stage: testing on humans
b) pre-clinical stage: testing on animals
c) phase 1: safety
d) phase 1: testing on humans
e) phase 2: preliminary data on effectiveness
f) phase 3: confirmatory data on safety & effectiveness

A

all except a)

39
Q

Which of the following sentences with regard to therapy of an oncological disease is true? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Third-line therapy is more effective because of higher mortality of patients (larger potential for improvement).
b) First-line therapy is less effective because more patients have received treatment already.
c) Third-line therapy is less effective because patients have a worse prognosis (patients may die anyway).

A

a) Third-line therapy is more effective because of higher mortality of patients (larger potential for improvement).
c) Third-line therapy is less effective because patients have a worse prognosis (patients may die anyway).

40
Q

Suppose a heterogeneous disease. What test would you suggest to direct treatment to those individuals who can benefit from a therapy? Multiple answers are allowed.
a) Biomarker test
b) PCR test
c) Genetic test
d) Antigen test

A

a) Biomarker test
c) Genetic test

41
Q

What factors may influence the relationship between health spending and infant mortality across countries. Multiple answers are allowed.
a) GDP
b) Social and financial risk protection
c) Education

A

all

42
Q

NHS-type healthcare systems do not face adverse selection problems.
a) True
b) False

A

a)True

43
Q

What is the correct specification of R&D costs?
a) Out of packet costs + Failure costs + Cost of capital
b) Out of packet costs + Failure costs only
c) Failure costs + Cost of capital only
d) Out of packet costs only
e) Out of packet costs + Cost of capital only

A

a) Out of packet costs + Failure costs + Cost of capital

44
Q

In general, therapy should be stopped from a business perspective if the CM is negative.
a) True
b) False

A

a)True

International Healthcare Business (4 decks)

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