MIDTERMS: Shoe Flashcards
Q: What are the functional and cosmetic purposes of shoes?
A: Shoes minimize pressure on sensitive areas, redistribute weight, and serve as the foundation of a good orthosis.
Q: What are the functions of the outer sole?
A: Cushions impact and is usually made of leather, especially if external modifications are attached.
Q: What are the parts of a shoe?
A: Sole, heel, upper, linings and reinforcements, quarter heights, shoe lasts, throat styles, and closure.
Q: What is the purpose of the inner sole?
A: Lies under the foot to provide support.
Q: What is the function of the toe spring?
A: Creates space between the anterior portion of the sole and the floor, allowing a rocker effect to facilitate toe-off.
Q: What are the proximal and distal portions of the heel made of?
A: Proximal portion - leather; Distal portion - rubber (medium soft for men, hard for women and children).
Q: What is the function of the breast of the heel?
A: Forward extension of the anterior surface of the heel to increase the base of support.
Q: What are common heel heights?
A: Spring heel - 1/8 inch, Oxford heel - 6/8 to 8/8 inch, Military heel - 10/8 inches, Cuban heel - 12/8 inches.
Q: What is the pitch of the heel?
A: The inclination of the posterior portion of the heel from the vertical; the higher the heel, the greater the pitch.
Q: What is the function of the vamp?
A: Anterior section of the upper, made of soft leather or fabric to minimize pressure on the dorsal areas of the foot.
Q: What is the function of the shoe counter?
A: Preserves the shape of the shoe in the heel area and can be extended for extra support.
Q: What is a regular last?
A: A shoe last that duplicates the shape of a healthy foot.
Q: What is an outflare last used for?
A: Abducts the forefoot, commonly used in children.
Q: What is an inflare last used for?
A: Adducts the forefoot, commonly used in children.
Q: What is the difference between a Blucher and a Balmoral throat style?
A: Blucher provides a greater opening for easy donning, while Balmoral has a restrictive tongue design.
Q: What are the common types of shoe closures?
A: Adjustable (lace, buckle, Velcro) and non-adjustable (zipper, elastic webbing).
Q: What is the primary purpose of shoe modifications?
A: Relieve pain, improve balance, transfer forces to tolerant areas, reduce shear, and accommodate deformities.
Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of external shoe modifications?
Advantage: Do not reduce shoe volume.
Disadvantage: Visible, subject to wear and tear, and separated from the plantar surface of the foot.
Q: What is a heel flare?
A: A plantar extension that increases stability and resists excessive eversion (medial) or inversion (lateral).
Q: What is a rocker bar?
A: A firm material positioned parallel to the metatarsal heads to shift rollover pressure posteriorly.
Q: What is a metatarsal bar?
A: A modification placed posterior to the metatarsal heads to transfer pressure to the metatarsal shafts.
Q: What is a sole wedge used for?
A: A medial wedge promotes supination, and a lateral wedge promotes pronation.
Q: What is a heel cushion relief?
A: A tapered pad covering the heel to provide pressure relief.
Q: What is an extended Thomas heel?
A: A projection at the medial portion of the breast that supports the medial longitudinal arch.
Q: What is an internal shoe modification?
A: Modifications glued to the inner sole, making them more effective mechanically but reducing shoe space.
Q: What is a medial longitudinal arch support?
A: A fixed arch support that provides even weight distribution and upward force to support the medial arch.
Q: What is a toe crest?
A: A 1 cm wide crescent-shaped pad placed behind the 2nd to 4th toes to reduce sliding and relieve pressure.
Q: What is a sesamoid platform?
A: A three-quarter insert with elevation distal to the hallucis sesamoid to stabilize the 1st metatarsal.
Q: What is a UCBL insert?
A: A rigid plastic orthosis that supports the midfoot and hindfoot, maintaining calcaneal alignment.
Q: What are the shoe prescription considerations for arthritis?
A: Soft uppers, rocker bar, metatarsal bar, cushion heel, heel flare, and UCBL insert.
Q: What are the objectives of shoe prescription for arthrodesis?
A: Absorb shock at heel strike, improve push-off efficiency, and accommodate shortening or equinus.
Q: What is the main prescription for pes planovalgus?
A: Medial longitudinal arch support, extended Thomas heel, medial heel wedge, and UCBL insert.
Q: What are the shoe modifications for pes cavus?
A: Medial longitudinal arch support, metatarsal pad, high quarters, and high toe box.
Q: What are the prescription considerations for hallux valgus and bunions?
A: High wide toe box, lower heel height, resilient wedge sole, and sesamoid platform.
Q: What is the shoe prescription for metatarsalgia?
A: Metatarsal pad, sesamoid platform, inner sole excavation, and lower heel height.
Q: What is the treatment for leg length discrepancies?
A: Less than 1 inch - heel elevation; More than 1 inch - elevate the entire shoe.
