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SOC 101: Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics > Midterms Period > Flashcards

Midterms Period Flashcards

1
Q

What is Culture?

A

A multifaceted concept that implies stability, emphasizes conceptual sharing, implies patterning, dynamics, and all aspects of group life.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Culture?

A
  • Affects behavior and interpretations of behaviors
  • Influences biological processes
  • Associated with social groups
  • Both individual and social construct
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3
Q

How are values related to culture?

A

Values represent one’s culture, and culture is tantamount to one’s identity.

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4
Q

What is Society?

A

A large group of people living together in an organized way, making decisions and sharing work.

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5
Q

How is Society generally defined?

A

As an organized group of interdependent people sharing a common territory, language, and culture, acting together for collective survival and well-being.

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6
Q

What is Politics?

A

The process through which individuals or groups with differing interests make decisions about governance and distribution of power.

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7
Q

What are the levels at which politics can take place?

A
  • Local
  • Regional
  • National
  • International
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8
Q

What is the focus of Political Theory?

A

The study of ideas such as democracy, justice, freedom, and equality.

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9
Q

What drives political activity?

A
  • Ideologies
  • Party systems
  • Elections
  • Struggle for power
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10
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

The scientific study of humans, their societies, cultures, and development over time.

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11
Q

What are the four main subfields of Anthropology?

A
  • Cultural anthropology
  • Biological anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Linguistic anthropology
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12
Q

What is Sociology?

A

The study of society, social behavior, and interactions within a societal context.

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13
Q

What does Sociology examine?

A
  • Social structures
  • Institutions
  • Relationships
  • Culture
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14
Q

What is Political Science?

A

The study of politics, government systems, and political behavior.

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15
Q

What are the key aspects of Political Science?

A
  • Structure and function of governments
  • Political ideologies
  • Policy-making processes
  • Relationships between states and citizens
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16
Q

What are the two broad categories of Culture?

A
  • Material culture
  • Non-material culture
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17
Q

What is Material Culture?

A

Physical objects, artifacts, and technological achievements of a society.

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18
Q

Give examples of Material Culture.

A
  • Clothing (e.g., kimono, sari)
  • Architecture (e.g., pyramids, Great Wall)
  • Technology (e.g., smartphones, cars)
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19
Q

What is Non-Material Culture?

A

Intangible aspects of culture, such as beliefs, values, norms, customs, ideologies, language, and symbols.

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20
Q

Give examples of Non-Material Culture.

A
  • Beliefs (e.g., religious beliefs)
  • Values (e.g., democracy, freedom)
  • Language (e.g., English, Spanish)
  • Norms and Customs (e.g., greetings, holidays)
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21
Q

What are the three major sociological perspectives?

A
  • Structural Functionalism
  • Conflict Theory
  • Symbolic Interactionism
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22
Q

What does Structural Functionalism emphasize?

A

The way social institutions function to maintain societal equilibrium.

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23
Q

What is Conflict Theory?

A

A theory focusing on the role of power and inequality in society.

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24
Q

What does Symbolic Interactionism focus on?

A

How individuals and groups create meaning through social interactions.

25
What is Ethnocentrism?
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
26
What is Xenocentrism?
The belief that another culture is superior to one's own.
27
What is Cultural Relativism?
The perspective that encourages understanding another culture based on its own values and context.
28
What is Socialization?
The lifelong process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors of their society.
29
What is Enculturation?
The process by which individuals learn the culture and values of their own society.
30
What are the key differences between Socialization and Enculturation?
* Socialization is broader and includes all societal norms * Enculturation specifically involves learning one's own cultural values
31
What is Conformity?
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms.
32
What is Deviance?
Behaviors or actions that violate societal norms or expectations.
33
What is Structural Strain Theory?
A theory explaining how societal structures contribute to deviant behavior when individuals cannot achieve goals through legitimate means.
34
What are the five modes of adaptation in Structural Strain Theory?
* Conformity * Innovation * Ritualism * Retreatism * Rebellion
35
What does Structural Strain Theory explain?
It explains how societal structures, particularly cultural goals and means, contribute to deviant behavior.
36
What happens when individuals cannot achieve culturally approved goals through legitimate means?
They experience strain and may resort to deviance or criminal behavior.
37
List the five modes of individual adaptation to strain according to Merton's theory.
* Conformity * Innovation * Ritualism * Retreatism * Rebellion
38
Define Conformity in the context of Structural Strain Theory.
Individuals continue to accept both cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieve them, despite obstacles.
39
What is Innovation as described in Structural Strain Theory?
Individuals accept cultural goals but reject or modify the approved means, leading to deviant behavior.
40
What does Ritualism entail in Merton's theory?
Individuals abandon cultural goals but rigidly adhere to prescribed means, even if they no longer bring success.
41
What is Retreatism according to Merton's Structural Strain Theory?
Individuals reject both cultural goals and approved means, often retreating into addiction or vagrancy.
42
Explain Rebellion in the context of Structural Strain Theory.
Individuals reject both cultural goals and means, seeking to replace them with new goals and means.
43
Provide an example of Innovation in Structural Strain Theory.
Individuals may resort to illegal means, such as drug dealing or theft, to achieve financial success.
44
What does Retreatism look like in real life?
Chronic drug users or homeless individuals who no longer strive for traditional success.
45
What is Social Control Theory?
A theory suggesting that social institutions and societal bonds prevent individuals from engaging in deviance.
46
List the four key elements of social bonds in Social Control Theory.
* Attachment * Commitment * Involvement * Belief
47
Define Attachment in the context of Social Control Theory.
The emotional bonds an individual has with others, influencing their likelihood of deviant behavior.
48
What does Commitment refer to in Social Control Theory?
The investment individuals make in conventional activities like education or career.
49
Explain Involvement as a key element of Social Control Theory.
The degree to which an individual engages in conventional activities, reducing opportunities for deviance.
50
What does Belief signify in Social Control Theory?
The acceptance of societal norms and laws, influencing the likelihood of breaking them.
51
Provide an example of Social Control Theory in action.
A teenager with strong family ties and good academic performance is less likely to engage in criminal activity.
52
What is Symbolic Interactionism?
A sociological theory focusing on how individuals create, interpret, and respond to symbols through social interactions.
53
Define Symbols in the context of Symbolic Interactionism.
Things that represent or stand for something else, carrying specific meanings in society.
54
What does Meaning refer to in Symbolic Interactionism?
The understanding or interpretation individuals attach to symbols, which is created and modified through social interactions.
55
Explain Interaction in Symbolic Interactionism.
The process through which people engage with one another and negotiate meaning.
56
What is the 'looking-glass self' concept?
The idea that individuals form their self-concept based on how others perceive them.
57
Provide an example of Goffman’s 'Presentation of Self'.
A person dressing formally and behaving professionally during a job interview to meet social expectations.
58
How can the meaning of tattoos vary?
A tattoo may symbolize rebellion in one context and deviance in another, depending on social interactions.

SOC 101: Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (1 decks)

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