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Process Engineering > midterms part 2 page 17-21 > Flashcards

midterms part 2 page 17-21 Flashcards

1
Q

Provides rotational energy to the driven equipment.

A

DRIVER

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2
Q

example of driver

A

electric motors

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3
Q

connects Driver to the Driven equipment

A

connector

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4
Q

example of connector

A

-Couplings

-Belts

-Chains

-Gear boxes

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5
Q

it is the output

A

DRIVEN EQUIPMENT

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6
Q

example of driven equipment

A

-Fans

-Compressors

-Pump

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7
Q

also referred to as degradation mechanisms

A

Damage Mechanisms

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8
Q

is a general term referring to any cause of problems or failures within process equipment. These can range from corrosion, to cracking, to heat damage, and everything in between.

A

Damage Mechanisms

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9
Q

a specialized device engineered to regulate the flow of fluid in process piping
systems.

A

valve

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9
Q

There are two types by which valves can be operated:

A

-Manually

-Using Actuator

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10
Q

Valves are installed on equipment to perform the following functions:

A
  • Starting/Stopping of fluid flow.
  • Controlling the amount of fluid flow.
  • Controlling the direction of fluid flow and preventing backflow.
  • Regulating the downstream system or process pressure.
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11
Q

The different types of actuators

A

pneumatic, hydraulic, electric, etc.

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12
Q

feature a convex disc-shaped plug that is raised and lowered through a
rising stem within the spherical interior of the globe-shaped body.

A

Globe valves

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13
Q

utilize a disc-like gate that moves vertically, operated by a screwed stem
and handwheel.

A

Gate valves

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14
Q

The fluid’s path through the valve is distinctively _______..
causing the flow direction to
change twice, leading to a higher pressure drop.

A

S-shaped

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15
Q

utilize a ball-shaped obstructor held in place between two cup-shaped
seals.

A

ball valves

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16
Q

Commonly used for system shut-off or isolation, these valves are tailored to function either fully open or fully closed.

By simply rotating the globe 90 degrees using a lever,
the valve can be closed or opened.

A

ball valves

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17
Q

ensures both precise flow control and a tight seal when fully closed.

A

spherical design of the plug

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18
Q

A valve commonly used for throttling and on-off service

A

butterfly valve

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19
Q

The body of this type of valve is relatively small compared to other valves, and therefore it occupies much less space in a pipeline.

A

butterfly valve

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20
Q

designed to respond automatically to sudden increases in pressure.

A

relief valves

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21
Q

opens at a predetermined pressure.

A

relief valves

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22
Q

a disc is held in place by a spring that will not open until system
pressure exceeds its operating limits. Tremendous pressures can be generated in
process units.

A

relief valves

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23
Q

is a device that adjusts how fluids move in an industrial system.

A

control valve

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24
Q

control valve has two parts..

A

-valve body

-valve actuator

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25
Q

which directs the fluid

A

valve body

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26
Q

which powers the movement

A

valve actuator

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27
Q

chemical industry uses _____ for storage

A

tanks, drums, bins, and spheres

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27
Q

used more than any other pipe fittings.

It Provides flexibility to change the
pipe direction.

A

elbow

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28
Q

made from various metals and materials,

is designed for safe chemical
transport.

A

industrial piping

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29
Q

the component in a pipeline that reduces the pipe size from a larger to a
smaller bore (inner diameter).

A

reducer

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30
Q

is storage vessel commonly found in the food and chemical sectors. it can
hold either solid materials like grains or powders

A

bin tank

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31
Q

to ensure a consistent material supply, aiming to avoid situations where it runs out of material or where unwanted air enters the delivery
lines.

A

bin tank

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32
Q

designed to move gases
or liquids

A

pumps

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33
Q

can only move gas.

A

compressor

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34
Q

designed to transfer fluids by increasing their kinetic energy, which can subsequently be converted into pressure energy as the fluid navigates through the system.

A

pumps

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35
Q

directly elevate the pressure energy of gases by compressing them within a confined space.

A

compressors

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36
Q

works by increasing the kinetic energy of fluid

A

pumps

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37
Q

increases pressure energy

A

compressors

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38
Q

can only compress gases

A

compressors

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39
Q

works on both gases and liquids

A

pumps

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40
Q

works by transporting both fluids and gases

A

pumps

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41
Q

transports
only gases.

A

compressors

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42
Q

increases the energy of a fluid that is incompressible

A

pump

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43
Q

increases the energy of the fluid that is compressible.

A

compressor

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44
Q

designed without storage for it works by sucking fluids in from one end and
forcing it out from the other end.

A

pump

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45
Q

Dynamic pumps are classified into different types such as

A

-Centrifugal
-Vertical centrifugal
-Horizontal centrifugal
-Submersible
-Fire hydrant systems.

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46
Q

They impart velocity to the fluid using a rotating impeller, which is then converted to pressure energy.

A

dynamic pumps

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47
Q

moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume and moving it mechanically through the system. The pumping action is cyclic and can be driven by pistons, screws, gears, rollers, diaphragms or vanes.

A

A positive displacement (PD) pump

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48
Q

Positive displacement pumps are classified into different types such as

A

-diaphragm
-gear
-peristaltic
-lobe
-piston pumps

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49
Q

Can handle sludges, slurries, and
other fluids with suspended
solids. They can be air or
mechanically operated

A

Diaphragm

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50
Q

has Smooth flow, sensitive to solids

A

gear

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51
Q

has Minimal contamination, shear-sensitive

A

Peristaltic

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52
Q

Provides a smooth, non-pulsating flow. It’s also relatively gentle, making it suitable for shear-sensitive fluids.

A

lobe

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53
Q

Capable of very high pressures.
Depending on the design, can
handle a variety of fluids.

A

piston

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54
Q

different types of pumps

A

-dynamic pumps
-positive displacement pumps

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55
Q

types of compressor

A

-positive displacement
-dynamic

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56
Q

operate by accelerating the gas and converting the energy to
pressure.

A

dynamic compressors

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57
Q

operate by trapping a specific
amount of gas and forcing it into a smaller volume.

They are classified as rotary or
reciprocating.

A

Positive displacement compressors

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58
Q

This type of compressor can be either centrifugal or axial.

A

dynamic compressors

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59
Q

They are classified as rotary or
reciprocating.

A

Positive displacement compressors

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60
Q

the transfer of energy from one molecule to another by direct contact.
This transfer occurs when molecules hit against each other, like a game of pool where
one moving ball strikes another, causing the second to move.

A

conduction

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61
Q

is the movement of heat by a fluid such as water or air.

A

convection

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62
Q

The fluid (liquid or
gas) moves from one location to another, transferring heat along with it. This movement
of a mass of heated water or air is called

A

current

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63
Q

the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. Note that, unlike conduction
or convection, heat transfer by radiation does not need any matter to help with the
transfer.

A

radiation

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64
Q

which states that energy (in the form of heat and work)
can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred to another
system or converted to one form or another

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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65
Q

referred to as the Law of
Conservation of Energy,

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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66
Q

In First Law of Thermodynamics…

In heat exchangers, this statement is translated by the heat balance equation written as

A

(Heat In) + (Generation of Heat) = (Heat Out) + (Accumulation of Heat)

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67
Q

it introduces the concept of
entropy, the degree of disorderliness and randomness of a system. The entropy
of the universe is constantly increasing and can never decrease. It tells us the
direction of the flow of energy between two interacting systems in which the
highest entropy is generated.

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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68
Q

it is always transferred from a body with higher
temperatures to lower temperatures which is the natural tendency of all systems.

A

heat

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69
Q

devices that transfer heat between fluids without mixing or
blending them.

A

Heat exchangers

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70
Q

it is a substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its
shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.

A

fluid

71
Q

the fluid that heats /cools the process.

A

Working fluid

72
Q

the fluid that is heated or cooled down

A

Process fluid

73
Q

what is the hot fluid to the cold fluid sequence?

A

1.From the hot fluid to the adjacent surface of the wall by convection.

  1. Through the wall surface side by conduction.
  2. From the wall to the cold fluid by convection.
74
Q

the heat transferring process can
be…

A

-gas-to-gas

-liquid-to-gas,

-liquid-to-liquid

75
Q

The main characteristics by which heat exchangers can be categorized include:

A

a) Flow configuration
b) Construction method
c) Heat transfer mechanism

76
Q

also referred to as the flow arrangement

A

flow configuration

77
Q

refers to the direction of movement of the fluids within the heat exchanger in relation to
each other.

A

flow configuration

78
Q

There are four principal flow configurations employed by heat exchangers

A

-Co-current flow

-Countercurrent flow

-Crossflow

  • Hybrid flow
79
Q

also referred to as parallel flow heat exchangers

A

Co-current flow heat exchangers

80
Q

are heat exchanging devices in which the fluids move parallel to and in the same direction as each other.

A

Co-current flow heat exchangers

81
Q

it typically results in lower efficiencies than a counter flow
arrangement, it also allows for the greatest thermal uniformity across the walls of the
heat exchanger.

A

Co-current flow heat exchangers

82
Q

also known as counter flow heat exchangers

A

Countercurrent flow heat exchangers

83
Q

are designed such that the fluids move antiparallel (i.e., parallel but in opposite directions) to each other within the heat exchanger

A

Countercurrent flow heat exchangers

84
Q

typically exhibits the highest
efficiencies as it allows for the greatest amount of heat transference between fluids and,
consequently, the greatest change in temperature

A

Countercurrent flow heat exchangers

85
Q

fluids flow perpendicularly to one another

A

crossflow heat exchangers

86
Q

exhibit some combination of the characteristics of the
previously mentioned flow configurations.

A

Hybrid flow heat exchangers

87
Q

The CONSTRUCTION
characteristics by which these devices can be classified include

A

-Recuperative vs. regenerative
* Direct vs. indirect
* Static vs. dynamic
* Types of components and materials employed

88
Q

can be classified as recuperative heat exchangers and regenerative
heat exchangers.

A

heat exchangers

89
Q

commonly called recuperators

A

recuperative heat exchangers

90
Q

each fluid
simultaneously flows through its own channel within the heat exchanger.

A

recuperative heat exchangers

91
Q

also referred to as capacitive heat
exchangers or regenerators

A

regenerative heat exchangers

92
Q

alternately allow warmer and cooler fluids to flow through
the same channel.

A

regenerative heat exchangers

93
Q

employ either direct contact or indirect contact transfer
processes to exchange heat between fluids.

A

Recuperative heat exchangers

94
Q

the fluids are not separated within the device and
heat transfers from one fluid to another through direct contact.

A

direct contact heat exchangers

95
Q

two main types of regenerative heat exchangers

A

static heat exchangers and
dynamic heat exchangers

96
Q

processes include tubular or plate heat exchangers

A

indirect contact transfer processes

97
Q

the fluids remain separated from one
another by thermally conductive components, such as tubes or plates, throughout the
heat transfer process. The components first receive heat from the warmer fluid as it
flows through the heat exchanger, and then transfer the heat to the cooler fluid as it
flows through.

A

in indirect heat exchangers

98
Q

include cooling
towers and steam injectors

A

direct contact transfer processes

99
Q

also known as fixed bed regenerators

A

static regenerators

100
Q

the heat exchanger
material and components remains stationary as fluids flow through the device.

A

static regenerators

101
Q

the material and components move throughout the heat
transfer process.

A

dynamic regenerators

102
Q

There are two types of heat transfer mechanisms employed by heat exchangers

A

-single-phase
-two-phase heat transfer.

103
Q

the fluids do not undergo any phase change throughout the heat transfer process, meaning that both the warmer and cooler fluids
remain in the same state of matter at which they entered the heat exchanger.

A

single-phase heat exchangers

104
Q

fluids do experience a phase
change during the heat transfer process. The phase change can occur in either or both of the fluids involved resulting in a change from a liquid to a gas or a gas to a liquid.

A

two-phase heat exchangers

105
Q

require more complex design

A

two-phase heat transfer mechanism

106
Q

types of two-phase heat exchangers examples

A

-boilers,
-condensers,
-evaporators.

107
Q

common variants
employed throughout industry

Types of Heat Exchangers

A

-Shell and tube heat exchangers
- Double pipe heat exchangers
-Plate heat exchangers
-Condensers, evaporators, and boilers

108
Q

constructed of a single tube or series of parallel tubes (i.e., tube bundle) enclosed within
a sealed, cylindrical pressure vessel (i.e., shell).

A

shell and tube heat exchangers

109
Q

one pipe held concentrically
inside of a larger pipe

A

Double pipe heat exchangers

110
Q

acts as the conductive barrier

A

inner pipe

111
Q

where one fluid flows through this inner
pipe and another flows around it through the outer pipe,
it forms..______?

A

annulus shape

112
Q

works via conduction, where the heat from one flow is
transferred through the inner pipe wall, which is made of a conductive material such as
steel or aluminum.

A

double pipe heat exchanger

113
Q

often used in counterflow, where
its fluids move in opposite directions

A

double pipe heat exchanger

114
Q

are constructed of several thin, corrugated plates bundled
together

A

Plate heat exchangers

115
Q

The plates are
arranged in a ___________ pattern to maximize the thermal mixing between each
fluid.

A

a cold-hot-cold-hot

116
Q

r. Each pair of plates creates a channel through which one fluid can flow, and the
pairs are stacked and attached—via __________________ such that a second
passage is created between pairs through which the other fluid can flow.

A

—via bolting, brazing, or welding

117
Q

heat exchangers which employ a two-phase
heat transfer mechanism.

A

Boilers, condensers, and evaporators

118
Q

are heat exchanging devices that take heated gas or vapor and cool it to
the point of condensation, changing the gas or vapor into a liquid.

A

condensers

119
Q

the heat transfer process changes the fluids from liquid form to gas or vapor form.

A

evaporators and boilers

120
Q

is a simple device used by industry to remove heat from water

A

cooling tower

121
Q

transfers heat to cooler air as it passes through the internal components of the
tower.

A

hot water

122
Q

a special type of heat exchanger

A

cooling tower

123
Q

that allows water and air to
come in contact with each other to lower the temperature of the hot water

A

cooling tower

124
Q

what is the purpose of a cooling tower?

A

to cool down water
that gets heated up
by industrial equipment
and processes

125
Q

Most cooling towers work based on the principle of?

A

“evaporative cooling“

126
Q

the process where warm water from an industrial process is pumped up to the top of the cooling tower where the water distribution system is

A

Evaporative cooling

127
Q

a closed vessel inside which water is stored.

A

boiler

128
Q

generally coal

A

fuel

129
Q

burnt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced.

A

fuel

130
Q

the hot gasses come in contact with water vessel where the heat of these hot gases
transfer to the water and consequently steam
is produced in

A

boiler

131
Q

commonly called boilers

A

Steam generators

132
Q

are used by industrial manufacturers to
produce steam

A

Steam generators

133
Q

used to drive turbines and provide heat to process equipment

A

steam

134
Q

classified as fire-tube or water-tube boilers.

A

Steam generators

135
Q

typically designed for large industrial applications.

A

Water-tube boilers

136
Q

reverse of the fire tube boiler

A

Water-tube boilers

137
Q

used in smaller systems and processes.

A

Fire-tube boilers

138
Q

there are numbers of tubes through which hot gases are passed and
water surrounds these tubes.

A

Fire-tube boilers

139
Q

the water is heated inside tubes and hot gasses surround these
tubes

A

Water-tube boilers

140
Q

a device used primarily to heat large quantities of
hydrocarbons. These systems are very expensive and complex and require a well-trained and dedicated staff.

A

fired heater or furnace

141
Q

consist essentially of a battery of pipes or tubes that pass through a
firebox.

A

Fired heaters

142
Q

The primary source of heat transfer is

A

radiant and convective

143
Q

it occurs as energy passes through the tubes

A

conductive heat
transfer

144
Q

is a device used to convert raw materials into useful products through
chemical reactions

A

reactor

145
Q

These devices combine raw materials with catalyst, gases, pressure, or heat

A

reactor

146
Q

The basic components of a reactor

A

-shell
-heating or cooling device
-two or more product inlet ports
-one outlet port.

147
Q

may be used to blend the
materials together.

A

mixer

148
Q

Several critical process variables associated with reactor operation

A

-temperature
-pressure
-concentration of reactants
-catalysts,
-time

149
Q

designed to make chemical bonds, break chemical bonds, or make and break
chemical bonds, temperature is carefully controlled.

A

a chemical reactor

150
Q

used to speed up the reaction.

A

catalyst

151
Q

a chemical that can
increase or decrease a reaction rate without becoming part of the product.

A

A catalyst

152
Q

Chemical reactions are classified as

A

-Based on Heat Transfer

-Based on Reaction Type

153
Q

Based on Heat Transfer types

A

-Exothermic
-Endothermic

154
Q

Based on Reaction Type

A
  • Replacement
  • Neutralization
155
Q

_______ reactions produce heat

A

Exothermic

156
Q

_________ reactions require heat

A

endothermic

157
Q

an exothermic reaction.

A

combustion

158
Q

are those that absorb heat from the surroundings.

A

endothermic

159
Q

absorb heat from the surroundings

A

Endothermic

160
Q

In this type of reaction, one element displaces or replaces another element in a
compound.

A

Replacement (Single Displacement) Reaction:

161
Q

When zinc reacts with copper sulfate, zinc displaces the copper, forming zinc sulfate
and releasing copper metal.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

its an example of…

A

Replacement (Single Displacement) Reaction

162
Q

This type of reaction occurs when an acid and a base react to form water and a
salt. It’s called “neutralization” because the acid’s properties are neutralized by
the base, and vice versa.

A

Neutralization Reaction

163
Q

this is an example of….

Hydrochloric acid reacting with sodium hydroxide produces water and sodium chloride.

HCl+NaOH→H2O+NaCl

A

Neutralization Reaction

164
Q

is a series of stills placed one on top of another

A

distillation

165
Q

a process that separates substances from a mixture by the various boiling
points of the substances.

A

distillation

166
Q

The condensed
liquid is referred to as

A

distillate

167
Q

the liquid that does not vaporize in a column is

A

residue

168
Q

usually accomplished with a pump-around loop or a mixer

A

mixing

169
Q

Heat balance on the tower is maintained by a device known as a

A

reboiler

170
Q

are usually shell-and-tube heat exchangers or fired furnaces

A

Preheaters

171
Q

one way of making such a separation, and it is perhaps the most frequently used method

A

Distillation

172
Q

Distillation columns come in two basic designs

A

plate and packed.

173
Q

take suction off the bottom of the tower.

A

reboiler

174
Q

all four materials are liquids,
and the mixture is separated by allowing them to separate into layers (layer out) by
weight or density.

A

liquid-liquid extraction

175
Q

is a process for separating
two materials in a mixture by introducing a third material that will dissolve one of the first
two materials but not the other.

A

extraction

176
Q

One of the problems most frequently encountered in chemical process operations is that
of separating two materials from a mixture or a solution.

A

SEPARATORS

Process Engineering (4 decks)

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