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water resources > Midterms Coverage > Flashcards

Midterms Coverage Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives of Protecting Water Supply

A
  1. To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers
  2. To supply water in sufficient quantities
  3. To supply water at convenient points and timings
  4. To supply water at reasonable cost to the users
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2
Q

Requirements of Good Distribution System

A
  1. Reliability and Performance
  2. Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness
  3. Public Health and Safety
  4. Scalability and Adaptability
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3
Q

Types of Distribution Network Layouts

A
  1. Dead End System
  2. Radial System
  3. Grid Iron System
  4. Ring System
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4
Q

Type of Distribution Network Layout where the distribution pipes branch out from the main supply line and end at the last service point without connecting back to the main line or any other branch.

A

DEAD END SYSTEM

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5
Q

Type of Distribution Network Layout where it distributes water from a central location or pump directly to various parts of the network without a specific pattern.

A

RADIAL SYSTEM

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6
Q

Type of Distribution Network Layout where it features a network of interconnected pipes that form a grid-like pattern, allowing water to flow from multiple directions. This design improves redundancy and flexibility in water distribution.

A

GRID-IRON SYSTEM

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7
Q

Type of Distribution Network Layout where it consists of a main circular pipe (the ring) that encircles an area, with distribution pipes branching off to serve consumers.

A

RING SYSTEM

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8
Q

TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

A
  1. Gravity System
  2. Pumping System
  3. Combined Gravity and Pumping System
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9
Q

system that utilizes gravity to supply water

A

gravity system

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10
Q

Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution main without storing. High lifts pumps are required. If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water supply.

A

Pumping System

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11
Q

also called service reservoirs, are the
storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying water during emergencies (such as during fires,
repairs, etc.) also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.

A

Distribution reservoirs

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11
Q

Most common system. Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir.
Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity. The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied during high demand period.
Economical, efficient and reliable system.

A

Combined Gravity and Pumping
System

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12
Q

Functions of Distribution Reservoirs

A

to absorb the hourly variations
in demand.
to maintain constant pressure
in the distribution mains.
water stored can be supplied
during emergencies.

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13
Q

Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs

A

It should be located as close as
possible to the centre of demand.
water level in the reservoir must
be at a sufficient elevation to
permit gravity flow at an adequate
pressure.

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14
Q

Types of Reservoirs

A
  1. Surface reservoirs
  2. Elevated reservoirs
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15
Q

These also called ground reservoir.
Mostly circular or rectangular tank.
These reservoirs are constructed on
high natural grounds and are
usually made of stones, bricks,
plain or reinforced cement
concrete.

A

Surface Reservoir

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16
Q

also referred
to as Overhead Tanks are required at distribution areas which are not governed and controlled by the gravity system of distribution. These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape. If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are
used.

A

Elevated Storage Reservoirs

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17
Q

Types of Tanks

A
  1. RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
  2. GI Tanks Galvanized Iron
  3. HDP Tanks High Density Polyethylene
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18
Q

STORAGE CAPACITY OF DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS

A

sum of balancing storage, breakdown storage, and fire storage

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19
Q

The quantity of water required to be stored in the reservoir for equalizing or balancing fluctuating demand against constant supply is known as

A

Balancing Storage

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20
Q

often called emergency storage is the storage preserved in order to tide over the emergencies posed by the failure of pumps,
electricity, or any other mechanism driving the pumps

A

Breakdown Storage

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21
Q

.This provision takes care of the
requirements of water for extinguishing fires. A provision of 1 to 4 per person per day is sufficient to meet the requirement.

A

Fire Storage

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22
Q

are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and
reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant.

A

INTAKE STRUCTURES

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23
Q

TYPES OF INTAKES STRUCTURE

A

POSITION OF INTAKE:
1. Submerged Intake
2. Exposed Intake

PRESENCE OF WATER
1. Wet Intake
2. Dry Intake

RIVER INTAKE
RESERVOIR INTAKE
LAKE INTAKE

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24
Q

a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater

A

aquifer

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25
Q

FRAMEWORK OF THE CRS WATER SECTOR 4 CATEGORIES OF WATER USE

A
  1. Water for domestic uses to improve health
  2. Water for productive uses to strengthen livelihoods
  3. Water for environmental protection to sustain natural resources
  4. Water for emergencies and disasters to protect lives and livelihoods
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26
Q

GROUND WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

A
  1. Physical-Chemical Contaminants
  2. Microbiological Contaminants
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27
Q

Examples of Chemical Contaminants

A
  1. Arsenic
  2. Fluoride
  3. Nitrates
  4. Lead
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28
Q

Examples of Microbiological Contaminants

A
  1. Total coliform
  2. E. Coli
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29
Q

According to WHO, basic access to water is _ of water per person per day within one km of the dwelling

A

at least 20 L of water

30
Q

The Sphere Project guidelines recommend that each person receive an average of _ of day to be used for drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene.

A

15 Liters of water or 4 gallons of water

31
Q

maximum pumping rate for a hand pump

A

3.5 cu.m. of water per hour

32
Q

Variety of technologies available to assist in finding groundwater

A
  1. satellite imagery
  2. aerial photography
  3. field surveys of existing wells and springs
  4. ground and down hole geophysics
  5. aquifer recharge and water balance calculations
  6. water level measurements and preparation of underground flow maps
  7. installation of test and observation wells
  8. aquifer pumping tests
  9. specific capacity tests on individual wells
33
Q

Types of wells

A
  1. Hand-dug wells
  2. Drilled Wells
34
Q

typically range from 1-3 m in diameter and usually extend to depth of less than 30 meters, only reach upper part of an aquifer

A

Hand-dug wells

35
Q

Also called boreholes, can be completed in unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer systems and in bed rock aquifer systems, typically 150-300 mm in diameter

A

Drilled wells

36
Q

P.D. 856

A

Sanitation Code of the Philippines

37
Q

VLOM meaning

A

Village level operation and maintenance pump

38
Q

In 1980, the - and - promoted new design of pump called VLOM

A

UNDP or United Nations Development Program and World Bank

39
Q

Types of Power Systems

A
  1. Hand Pumps
  2. Foot-Powered Pumps
  3. Animal Powered Pumps
  4. Electrical Power
40
Q

There are many types of bank
protection

A
  • Levees (dykes/dike)
  • Revetments
  • Groines
41
Q

are raised banks at the edge of the river
channel
* can be natural or artificial
* AKA dykes, embankments, and floodbanks

A

levees

42
Q

are engineered structures made from
concrete, masonry, or steel to prevent
encroachment of floodwater.

A

floodwall

43
Q

are essentially wire mesh containers filled with
stones or rock fragments.
* placed on the outside of the river bend to
prevent river bank erosion during floods

A

Gabions

44
Q

are sloping structures built on embankments or shorelines, along the base of cliffs, or in front of sea walls to absorb and dissipate the energy of waves in order to reduce coastal erosion

A

Revetments

45
Q

vertical or nearly vertical wall built
along a shoreline to prevent erosion, control
flooding, and protect coastal properties and
infrastructure from the effects of waves, currents, and tidal action

A

bulkhead

45
Q

Types of Bulkheads

A
  1. Sheet Pile Bulkheads
  2. Concrete Bulkheads
  3. Timber Bulkheads
46
Q

structures constructed on
coasts as part of coastal defense or to protect a
shore area, harbor, anchorage or basin from
wave disturbances.

A

breakwaters

47
Q

These are breakwaters without any constructed
connection with the shore; hence, situated away
from the shoreline, usually a slight distance
offshore

A

Detached Breakwaters

48
Q

are a series of coastal
structures that are built adjacent to or attached to
natural coastal headlands or promontories.

A

Headland breakwaters

49
Q

shore-perpendicular
structure typically that is typically made
of boulders or concrete, extending
from the shoreline into the water

A

groin

50
Q

a large, man-made piles of
boulders or concrete that are built on
either side of a coastal inlet

A

jetty

51
Q

The most common pile structures in coastal
engineering are

A

bridges and piers

52
Q

a solid barrier
made from concrete,
masonry, or gabions and are
designed to prevent high
tides and storm surges
reaching inland and causing
flooding.

A

Sea walls

53
Q

Types of Seawall

A

1.Curved face seawall
2.Stepped face seawall
3.Rubble Mound Seawall

54
Q

an overflowing of a large amount of water
beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land.

A

Flood

55
Q

refers to all methods used to
reduce or prevent the detrimental effects
of flood waters

A

Flood Control

56
Q

Types of flooding

A
  1. Areal
  2. Riverine
  3. Estuarine and Coastal
  4. Urban
  5. Catastrophic
57
Q

when floods happen on flat or low-lying areas and when
water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can
either infiltrate or run off.

A

Areal flooding

58
Q

occurs when rivers burst their banks as a result of
sustained or intense rainfall. Flooding can be worsened by melting
snow.

A

Riverine flooding

59
Q

is commonly caused by a combination of
sea tidal surges caused by winds and low barometric pressure, and
they may be exacerbated by high upstream river flow.

A

Estuarine and Coastal flooding

60
Q
  • is the inundation of land or property in a built
    environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused
    by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such
    as storm sewers.
A

Urban Flooding

61
Q

is usually associated with major infrastructure
failures such as the collapse of a dam, but they may also be caused by
drainage channel modification from
a landslide, earthquake or volcanic eruption.

A

Catastrophic Flooding

62
Q

A type of mudflow or debris flow composed of slurry of
pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material
flows down from a volcano, typically along the river valley.
Lahars are extremely destructive: they can flow tens of
meters per second, be 140 meters (460ft) deep, and
destroy and structures in their path.

A

Volcanic Debris Flow (Lahar)

63
Q

Ways of formation:

A

– Heavy rains
– Melting snow or ice (Jokulhaups)
– Walls of crater lake collapse
– Hydrothermal alteration- clay-rich rocks
– Caldera collapse and mass wasting of walls
– Earthquakes
– Pyroclastic flows mix with water

64
Q

controlling factors for flow length and
speed are

A

– Grain size
– Grain size distribution-electrochemical forces-clay and
silt-size
– Solid to water ratio- laminar flow

65
Q

is a free software application developed by
the Geophysical Mass Flow Group at the State
University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, was developed for the purpose of simulating granular
flows (primarily geological mass flows such as debris
avalanches and landslides) over digital elevation
models (DEM)s of natural terrain. The code is designed
to help scientists and civil protection authorities assess
the risk of, and mitigate, hazards due to dry debris
flows and avalanches

A

TITAN2D

66
Q

Types of Lahar & Flood Control Structures

A
  1. Check Dams
  2. Retaining Walls
  3. Bunding
  4. Gabion/ Mattress/ Groines
  5. Paved Drains
  6. Reservoirs
67
Q

These are small gravity dams, usually constructed with
rocks and mortar or concrete, of variable height and
width.
*This type of structures are located in small or medium
sized gullies to stabilize riverbed slopes and prevent soil
erosion.

A

Check Dams

68
Q

*These are rock/concrete block structures built on steep
slopes anywhere in the watershed, where the erosion of
the base foundation threatens lands and/or homes.

A

Retaining Walls

69
Q

are small embankment type structure,
constructed across the slope of the land, either with soil
or stone
is used to prevent bank erosion and landslips
and to protect agricultural lands from being flooded.

A

Bunding

70
Q

These are long, flexible structures of variable
thickness, composed of wire and rocks.
* They are placed on the shaped banks of large,
fastmoving streams where severe erosion is
occurring

A

Gabion/Mattress Groynes

71
Q

Types of Paved Drains

A
  1. Levees
  2. Flood Walls of Reinforced Concrete
  3. Channel Alterations
  4. Detention Ponds
72
Q

one of the most direct methods of flood
control through storing surface runoff; thus, attenuating
flood waves and storing flood water to be redistributed
without exceeding downstream flood conditions.

A

Reservoirs

water resources (2 decks)

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