MIDTERMS Flashcards

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1
Q

the introduction of food into the digestive tract

A

ingestion

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2
Q

the chewing or crushing of food into pieces

A

mastication

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3
Q

the to and from movement of food inside the mouth

A

propulsion

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4
Q

the swallowing of chewed food

A

deglutition

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5
Q

the process of simplifying complex food materials into simpler forms. There are two phases of digestion

A

digestion

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6
Q

occurs inside the mouth, where the teeth and other structures physically break down large particles into smaller pieces

A

mechanical phase

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7
Q

break apart individual molecules of food into forms that can be absorbed by the body

A

chemical phase

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8
Q

the assimilation and absorption of nutrients thru blood circulation throughout the body

A

transportation

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9
Q

the process of excreting out of waste products. Feces is the term for the eliminated product

A

elimination

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10
Q

the first portal entry of food. It is where food is chewed, and mixed with mucus and saliva

A

oral/buccal cavity (mouth)

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11
Q

masticated food from the mouth

A

bolus

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12
Q

organ of taste and helps in the mastication and deglutition of food

A

tongue

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13
Q

the structure for mastication

A

teeth

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14
Q

produce and secrete saliva

A

salivary glands

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15
Q

lubricates food, making it easier to swallow

A

saliva

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16
Q

converts some of the starch into sugar or maltose

A

ptyalin

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17
Q

the largest of the paired salivary glands that produce watery saliva containing enzymes

A

parotid glands

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18
Q

compound glands that contain enzymes and mucus producing elements

A

submandibular glands

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19
Q

the smallest of the salivary glands that produce a mucus type of saliva

A

sublingual glands

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20
Q

common passage of food and air

A

pharynx

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21
Q

short (about 25cm or 10in) muscular tube that leads to the stomach. It transports food into the stomach

A

esophagus

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22
Q

esophagus transports food into the stomach through muscle contractions

A

peristalsis

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23
Q

J-shaped organ that serves as a sort of holding tank in which food remain for 2-3 hours

A

stomach

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24
Q

a partially digested food

A

chyme

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25
Q

a long, slender, coiled tube which is where final digestion takes place. It measures about 20 feet

A

small intestine

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26
Q

is the C-shaped and uppermost division that starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and extends to about 25cm

A

duodenum

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27
Q

forms the next 2/5 (about 2.5m or 8.2ft long) of the intestines that is lined with villi (name means empty);

A

jejunum

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28
Q

the twisted 12 feet long part that terminates by joining the large intestines

A

ileum

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29
Q

absorb most water, vitamins and minerals. It is about 1.5m (5ft) long and 6.5cm (2.5in) in diameter

A

large intestine

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30
Q

the small pouch about 6m (2.4in) long located at the lower quadrant of the abdomen

A

cecum

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31
Q

a coil tube which is attached to the cecum

A

appendix

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32
Q

an open end of the cecum

A

colon

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33
Q

the vertical position on the right side of the abdomen

A

ascending colon

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34
Q

the vertical position on the left side

A

descending colon

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35
Q

passes horizontally across the abdomen

A

transverse colon

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36
Q

the last 7-8 inches of the intestinal tube

A

rectum

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37
Q

The distal end and outlet of the rectum where feces or eliminated materials from the body are being excreted

A

anus

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38
Q

the largest gland in the body (about 1.5kg in weight) secretes bile that helps in the digestion of fats.

A

liver

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39
Q

a pear-shaped sac located on the under surface of the liver where it is attached. It stores about 30-50ml of bile

A

gall bladder

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40
Q

hammer/fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach and appears white with a tinge of pink. It secretes pancreatic juices that aid in the final digestion of food inside the small intestines.

A

pancreas

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41
Q

it is composed of muscle cells and tissues held tightly together in bundles.

A

muscular system

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42
Q

they make up about 40 – 50% of our body weight

A

muscular system

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43
Q

how many muscles do we have in our body

A

640

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44
Q
  • Promotes volume and movement
  • Stabilize body positions
  • Gives shape to the body
  • Heat generation (thermogenesis)
A

muscular system

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45
Q

the ability of muscle fibers to become shorter or contract when stimulated by an action potential.

A

contractility

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46
Q

the ability of a muscle fiber to extend or to be stretched without being damaged

A

extensibility

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47
Q

the ability of muscles to return to their original state (length and shape) after contraction or extension

A

elasticity

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48
Q

the ability of muscles to contract due to several stimuli like heat, light, chemical, pressure and electricity (electrical excitability)

A

irritability

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49
Q

attached to the bones and make the skeleton move. They make about 30 – 40% of the total body weight

A

skeletal muscles

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50
Q

voluntary and striated. they display longitudinal and cross striations

A

skeletal muscles

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51
Q

called visceral muscles line the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines and the like. They are responsible for the movement of these internal organs

A

smooth muscles

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52
Q

striated and involuntary muscles. They have both longitudinal and imperfect cross striations with central nucleus.

A

cardiac muscles

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53
Q

these involuntary muscles controlled by ______ make very strong contractions and rarely tire

A

medulla oblongata

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54
Q

a muscle that causes movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body

A

abductor

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55
Q

muscle that pulls a body part toward the midline

A

adductor

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56
Q

skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint, decreasing the angle between the components of a limb such as bending the knee or elbow

A

flexor

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57
Q

opens a joint increasing the angle between components of a limb, such as the straightening of the knee or elbow and bending the wrist or spine

A

extensor

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58
Q

muscle that helps depress or lower a part of a body

A

depressor

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59
Q

a muscle that helps raise a part of a body

A

levator

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60
Q

muscle involved in the rotating action of a part of the body

A

rotator

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61
Q

extends along the whole length of the front of the abdomen

A

abdominis

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62
Q

extends from the tubercles of the ribs behind to the cartilages of the ribs in front

A

intercostalis

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63
Q

muscles located on the upper arms

A

brachii

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64
Q

consist of two bundles each with its own origin but with a common insertion point near the elbow

A

biceps

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65
Q

skeletal muscles having three origins such as the triceps surae

A

triceps

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66
Q

muscles having four heads of origins

A

quadriceps

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67
Q

the muscle that moves the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

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68
Q

the two muscles which move the forehead and the sides of the head

A

frontalis and temporalis

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69
Q

the two muscles that work in conjunction to move your jaw and upper lip area

A

zygomaticus and masseter

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70
Q

moves the lips

A

orbicularis oris

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71
Q

the muscles that are almost entirely responsible for the movement of the neck area. These muscles will allow the neck to move the head left and right

A

Sternohyoid and sternocleidomastoid

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72
Q

controls how far to the left or the right the head can move

A

platysma

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73
Q

allows the head to move up and down. It is so large that it extends down to the shoulder and thorax area. It looks like a trapezoid

A

trapezius

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74
Q

muscles such as the trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major and the rhomboid major all work together to move the shoulder area

A

muscles such as the trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major and the rhomboid major all work together to move the shoulder area

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75
Q

the muscle brings the forearm close to the body and form a huge ball of muscle

A

bicep branchii

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76
Q

the two muscles that allows a person to do push-ups

A

tricep brachii

brachialis

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77
Q

some of the muscles that help control the arm

A

odialis major
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis

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78
Q

the set of muscles which carry the head, arms, stomach and other upper body parts. It includes the trapezius and latissimus dorsi. These muscles can be damaged easily if one does not stretch properly before exercise or during lifting of a heavy load

A

thorax

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79
Q

the muscles that allow the body to move from left to right

A

internal oblique

external oblique

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80
Q

allows you to bend down and grab objects.

A

transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

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81
Q

used only to sit down

A

gluteus medius

gluteus maximus

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82
Q

help support the upper leg area and are known as the pelvic muscles

A

pectineus

illiopsoas

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83
Q

upper thigh muscles

A

abductor longus
gracilis
sartorius
tensor fasciae latea

84
Q

lower thigh muscles

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
medialis

85
Q

Located in the back of the leg. These muscles help you run, jump and walk.

A

hamstring

86
Q

absorb the impact when one walks or runs. These muscles also give better coordination in moving and standing

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
porenius longus
tibialis anterior

87
Q

function to move, support and protect the various organs of the body and produce red blood cells

A

bones

88
Q

very tough membrane that surrounds and protects all bones

A

periosteum

89
Q

infant’s bones

A

350 bones

90
Q

children’s bones

A

208 bones

91
Q

adult’s bones

A

206 bones

92
Q

bones that have no minerals

A

cartilage

93
Q

process of bone formation and most are usually completed at the age of 20-25.

A

ossification

94
Q

tough bands of fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones and is capable of withstanding tension

A

tendons

95
Q

fibrous tissues that connect bones to other bones, allow bones to stretch but not separate

A

ligaments

96
Q

occur where two or more bones come together

A

joints

97
Q

allow no movement

A

immovable joints

98
Q

skull bones are fused together at such bones

A

sutures

99
Q

where bones are generally held together by tough fibrous connective tissues called ligaments

A

movable joints

100
Q

reduces friction between bones

A

synovial fluid

101
Q

usually found between vertebrae, ankles and wrists

A

gliding joints

102
Q

can bend in one direction only. Examples are the back and forth movement of fingers and toes, knee and elbows

A

hinge

103
Q

allows movement in any direction or circular movement such as that of the shoulder and hips

A

ball and socket

104
Q

involves rotary movement such as that of the head on top of the spine

A

pivot

105
Q

it maintains upright posture

A

support

function of skeletal system

106
Q

it protects the internal organs; skull for the brain and the ribs for the heart and lungs.

A

protection

function of skeletal system

107
Q

when the associated muscles contract they cause the bones to move

A

movement

function of skeletal system

108
Q

bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphates and the yellow marrow stores fats

A

storage

function of skeletal system

109
Q

produces an average of 2.6M RBC each second

A

red bone marrow

110
Q

process of producing rbc to replace worn out and destroyed cells by the liver

A

haematopoiesis

111
Q

the red bone marrow produces an average of 2.6M RBC each second in the process called haematopoiesis to replace worn out and destroyed cells by the liver

A
blood production
(function of skeletal system)
112
Q

longer than they are wide and work as levers. the humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, radius and metacarpals are examples of such.

A

long bones

113
Q

short, cube-shaped and are usually found in the wrists and ankles

A

short bones

114
Q

have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles. examples are ribs, cranial bones and bones of the shoulder girdle

A

flat bones

115
Q

have varied shapes, sizes and surface features. It includes the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull

A

irregular bones

116
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
sternum
ribs
vertebral column

117
Q

bony framework of the head
8 cranial
14 facial bones

A

skull

118
Q

the joints between bones in the skull are immovable

A

sutures

119
Q

soft spots on baby’s head

A

fontanelles

120
Q

flat dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

A

sternum

121
Q

thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body.
24 bones arranged in 12 pairs

first 7 pairs = true bones
3 pairs = false bones
last 2 pairs = floating ribs

A

ribs

122
Q

called the backbone, spine or spinal column, consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae

first 7 pairs = cervical vertebrae

A

vertebral column

123
Q

first vertebrae which allows the head to nod yes

A

atlas

124
Q

Located at the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for the neck and support the head

A

cervical vertebrae

125
Q

second vertebrae which allows the head to shake no

A

axis

126
Q

next 12 pairs which form the rear anchor of the rib cage

A

thoracic vertebrae

127
Q

composed of the 5 largest vertebrae in the spine. it support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many of the back muscles

A

lumbar vertebrae

128
Q

triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae and is consists of 4 or 5 sacral vertebrae in a child, which will eventually fuse into a single bone at the age of 26

A

sacrum

129
Q

bottom of the spine or the tailbone that is made up of 3-5 bones that will eventually fuse together in an adult

A

coccyx

130
Q

made up of a single long bone called the humerus

A

arm or branchium

131
Q

is a region between the elbow and the wrist, is formed by the ulna that is connected on the side towards the body

A

forearm

132
Q

connected on the side away from the body

A

radius

133
Q

how many bones are there in a hand

A

27

134
Q

the region between the hip and the knee and is made up of a single bone called the femur

A

thigh

135
Q

region from the knee to the ankle and is formed by the fibula on the side away from the body (lateral) and the tibia on the side nearest the body (medial side). The tibia is larger than the fibula because it bears most of the weight

A

leg

136
Q

contains 26 bones of the ankle, instep and the 5 toes

A

foot

137
Q

the kneecap is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and the tibia

A

patella

138
Q

called the pectoral girdle is made up of 4 bones: 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae

A

shoulder girdle

139
Q

called the hip girdle is composed of 2 coxal bones

A

pelvic girdle

140
Q

an extension of the human circulatory system that includes cell‐mediated and antibody‐mediated immune systems

A

lymphatic system

141
Q

it transports blood and oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body

A

function of circulatory system

142
Q

pumps the blood throughout the body

A

heart

143
Q

four chambers of the heart

A

two atria and two ventricles

144
Q

oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium through a major vein called the?

A

vena cava

145
Q

the blood passes through the _____ into the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

146
Q

the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for ?

A

gas exchange

147
Q

oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the ?

A

pulmonary vein

148
Q

oxygen-rich blood flows through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle, from which it is pumped through?

A

aorta

149
Q

two valves called semilunar valves are found in the ?

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

150
Q

ventricles contract about _____ which represents a person’s pulse rate

A

70 times per minute

151
Q

the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

A

blood pressure

152
Q

measured by noting the height to which a column of mercury can be pushed by the blood pressing against the arterial walls

A

blood pressure

153
Q

height of 120 millimeters of mercury during heart contraction and a height of 80 millimeters of mercury during heart relaxation

A

normal blood pressure expressed as

120/80

154
Q

heart contraction

A

systole

155
Q

heart relaxation

A

diastole

156
Q

supply the heart muscle with blood

A

coronary arteries

157
Q

the heart is controlled by nerves that originate on the right side in the upper region of the atrium at the ?

A

sinoatrial node or the pacemaker

158
Q

generates nerve impulses that spread to the atrioventricular node where the impulses are amplified and spread to other regions of the heart by nerves called?

A

purkinje fibers

159
Q

medium of transport in the body

A

blood

160
Q

a straw-colored liquid composed primarily of water. where all the important nutrients, the hormones, and the clotting proteins as well as the waste products are transported

A

plasma

161
Q

plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed is?

A

serum

162
Q

they are erythrocytes. these are disk-shaped cells produced in the bone marrow.

A

red blood cells

163
Q

have no nucleus, and their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin

A

red blood cells

164
Q

red-pigmented protein that binds loosely to oxygen atoms and carbon dioxide molecules

A

hemoglobin

165
Q

mechanism of transport of these substances and binds to carbon monoxide

A

hemoglobin

166
Q

organ located near the stomach and composed primarily of lymph node tissue where RBC is destroyed

A

spleen

167
Q

the remainder of hemoglobin converts to?

A

bilirubin

168
Q

immune-stimulating polysaccharides

A

antigens

169
Q

have A antigen =blood type A (as well as anti-B antibodies)

A

have A antigen =blood type A (as well as anti-B antibodies)

170
Q

have B antigen = blood type B (as well as anti-A antibodies)

A

have B antigen = blood type B (as well as anti-A antibodies)

171
Q

have the A and B antigens = blood type AB (but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies)

A

have the A and B antigens = blood type AB (but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies)

172
Q

no antigens = blood type O (as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies)

A

no antigens = blood type O (as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies)

173
Q

molecules capable of stimulating an immune response

A

antigen

174
Q

response to exposure to antigens

A

antibody

175
Q

leukocytes. they are generally larger than red blood cells and have clearly defined nuclei

A

white blood cells

176
Q

function primarily as phagocytes; that is, they attack and engulf invading microorganisms

A

neutrophils and monocytes

177
Q

small disk-shaped blood fragments produced in the bone marrow. they lack nuclei and are much smaller than erythrocyte

A

platelets or asthrombocytes

178
Q

they serve as the starting material for blood clotting

A

platelets or asthrombocytes

179
Q

supplies nourishment to all of the tissue located throughout your body, with the exception of the heart and lungs because they have their own systems

starts at the left ventricle and ends at the atrium

A

systemic circulation

180
Q

oxygen-rich blood enters the blood vessels through the heart’s main artery called?

A

aorta

181
Q

allow the exchange of gases in the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

182
Q

blood passes through the kidneys

A

renal circulation

183
Q

the blood from the small intestine collects in the portal vein which passes through the liver. the liver filters sugars from the blood, storing them for later

A

portal circulation

184
Q

pectoralis

A

chest (location of bone)

185
Q

gluteus

A

buttock or rump (location of bone)

186
Q

supra

A

above (location of bone)

187
Q

infra

A

below (location of bone)

188
Q

sub

A

under or beneath (location of bone)

189
Q

lateralis

A

lateral (location of bone)

190
Q

vasturs

A

huge (size of bone)

191
Q

minimus

A

small (size of bone)

192
Q

maximus

A

large (size of bone)

193
Q

longus

A

long (size of bone)

194
Q

brevis

A

short (size of bone)

195
Q

deltoid

A

triangular (shape of bone)

196
Q

trapezius

A

4 sided with 2 sides equal and parallel (shape of bone)

197
Q

rhomboid

A

like a rhombus, a 4-sided figure with equal and parallel sides (shape of bone)

198
Q

latissimus

A

wide (shape of bone)

199
Q

teres

A

round (shape of bone)

200
Q

rectus

A

straight (direction of muscle fibers)

201
Q

transverse

A

across (direction of muscle fibers)

202
Q

oblique

A

diagonally (direction of muscle fibers)

203
Q

orbicularis

A

circular (direction of muscle fibers)

204
Q
superior and inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle 
pulmonary valve 
pulmonary artery 
lungs 
left atrium 
left ventricle
aorta
rest of the body
A

blood circulation

205
Q

a vast network of organs and blood vessels that acts both as a delivery and waste removal system for the body

A

circulatory system