MIDTERMS Flashcards
the introduction of food into the digestive tract
ingestion
the chewing or crushing of food into pieces
mastication
the to and from movement of food inside the mouth
propulsion
the swallowing of chewed food
deglutition
the process of simplifying complex food materials into simpler forms. There are two phases of digestion
digestion
occurs inside the mouth, where the teeth and other structures physically break down large particles into smaller pieces
mechanical phase
break apart individual molecules of food into forms that can be absorbed by the body
chemical phase
the assimilation and absorption of nutrients thru blood circulation throughout the body
transportation
the process of excreting out of waste products. Feces is the term for the eliminated product
elimination
the first portal entry of food. It is where food is chewed, and mixed with mucus and saliva
oral/buccal cavity (mouth)
masticated food from the mouth
bolus
organ of taste and helps in the mastication and deglutition of food
tongue
the structure for mastication
teeth
produce and secrete saliva
salivary glands
lubricates food, making it easier to swallow
saliva
converts some of the starch into sugar or maltose
ptyalin
the largest of the paired salivary glands that produce watery saliva containing enzymes
parotid glands
compound glands that contain enzymes and mucus producing elements
submandibular glands
the smallest of the salivary glands that produce a mucus type of saliva
sublingual glands
common passage of food and air
pharynx
short (about 25cm or 10in) muscular tube that leads to the stomach. It transports food into the stomach
esophagus
esophagus transports food into the stomach through muscle contractions
peristalsis
J-shaped organ that serves as a sort of holding tank in which food remain for 2-3 hours
stomach
a partially digested food
chyme
a long, slender, coiled tube which is where final digestion takes place. It measures about 20 feet
small intestine
is the C-shaped and uppermost division that starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and extends to about 25cm
duodenum
forms the next 2/5 (about 2.5m or 8.2ft long) of the intestines that is lined with villi (name means empty);
jejunum
the twisted 12 feet long part that terminates by joining the large intestines
ileum
absorb most water, vitamins and minerals. It is about 1.5m (5ft) long and 6.5cm (2.5in) in diameter
large intestine
the small pouch about 6m (2.4in) long located at the lower quadrant of the abdomen
cecum
a coil tube which is attached to the cecum
appendix
an open end of the cecum
colon
the vertical position on the right side of the abdomen
ascending colon
the vertical position on the left side
descending colon
passes horizontally across the abdomen
transverse colon
the last 7-8 inches of the intestinal tube
rectum
The distal end and outlet of the rectum where feces or eliminated materials from the body are being excreted
anus
the largest gland in the body (about 1.5kg in weight) secretes bile that helps in the digestion of fats.
liver
a pear-shaped sac located on the under surface of the liver where it is attached. It stores about 30-50ml of bile
gall bladder
hammer/fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach and appears white with a tinge of pink. It secretes pancreatic juices that aid in the final digestion of food inside the small intestines.
pancreas
it is composed of muscle cells and tissues held tightly together in bundles.
muscular system
they make up about 40 – 50% of our body weight
muscular system
how many muscles do we have in our body
640
- Promotes volume and movement
- Stabilize body positions
- Gives shape to the body
- Heat generation (thermogenesis)
muscular system
the ability of muscle fibers to become shorter or contract when stimulated by an action potential.
contractility
the ability of a muscle fiber to extend or to be stretched without being damaged
extensibility
the ability of muscles to return to their original state (length and shape) after contraction or extension
elasticity
the ability of muscles to contract due to several stimuli like heat, light, chemical, pressure and electricity (electrical excitability)
irritability
attached to the bones and make the skeleton move. They make about 30 – 40% of the total body weight
skeletal muscles
voluntary and striated. they display longitudinal and cross striations
skeletal muscles
called visceral muscles line the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines and the like. They are responsible for the movement of these internal organs
smooth muscles
striated and involuntary muscles. They have both longitudinal and imperfect cross striations with central nucleus.
cardiac muscles
these involuntary muscles controlled by ______ make very strong contractions and rarely tire
medulla oblongata
a muscle that causes movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body
abductor
muscle that pulls a body part toward the midline
adductor
skeletal muscle whose contraction bends a joint, decreasing the angle between the components of a limb such as bending the knee or elbow
flexor
opens a joint increasing the angle between components of a limb, such as the straightening of the knee or elbow and bending the wrist or spine
extensor
muscle that helps depress or lower a part of a body
depressor
a muscle that helps raise a part of a body
levator
muscle involved in the rotating action of a part of the body
rotator
extends along the whole length of the front of the abdomen
abdominis
extends from the tubercles of the ribs behind to the cartilages of the ribs in front
intercostalis
muscles located on the upper arms
brachii
consist of two bundles each with its own origin but with a common insertion point near the elbow
biceps
skeletal muscles having three origins such as the triceps surae
triceps
muscles having four heads of origins
quadriceps
the muscle that moves the eye
orbicularis oculi
the two muscles which move the forehead and the sides of the head
frontalis and temporalis
the two muscles that work in conjunction to move your jaw and upper lip area
zygomaticus and masseter
moves the lips
orbicularis oris
the muscles that are almost entirely responsible for the movement of the neck area. These muscles will allow the neck to move the head left and right
Sternohyoid and sternocleidomastoid
controls how far to the left or the right the head can move
platysma
allows the head to move up and down. It is so large that it extends down to the shoulder and thorax area. It looks like a trapezoid
trapezius
muscles such as the trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major and the rhomboid major all work together to move the shoulder area
muscles such as the trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major and the rhomboid major all work together to move the shoulder area
the muscle brings the forearm close to the body and form a huge ball of muscle
bicep branchii
the two muscles that allows a person to do push-ups
tricep brachii
brachialis
some of the muscles that help control the arm
odialis major
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
the set of muscles which carry the head, arms, stomach and other upper body parts. It includes the trapezius and latissimus dorsi. These muscles can be damaged easily if one does not stretch properly before exercise or during lifting of a heavy load
thorax
the muscles that allow the body to move from left to right
internal oblique
external oblique
allows you to bend down and grab objects.
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
used only to sit down
gluteus medius
gluteus maximus
help support the upper leg area and are known as the pelvic muscles
pectineus
illiopsoas