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Petrology > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

a vent, hill or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are ejected

A

Volcano

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2
Q

can be craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre-existing material or by accumulation of ejected materials

A

Volcano

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3
Q

erupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has written historical accounts or oral tradition

A

Active

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4
Q

landform is young-looking but w/ no records or proof of eruption

A

Potentially Active

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5
Q

long-period inactivity is evident from too much weathering & erosion of deep & long
gullies (valleys)

A

Inactive

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6
Q

one that hasn’t erupted in the past 10,000 BUT which is expected to erupt
again

A

Dormant

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7
Q

one that nobody expects to ever erupt again (note there have been eruptions
from “extinct” volcanoes

A

Extinct

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8
Q

ultravulcanianeruptionorsteam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground or surface water.

A

Phreatic Eruption

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9
Q

Veryviolenteruptiongeneratedbytheexplosivecontactof erupting magma with water; Voluminous, slightly tall ash columns, laterally-projected pyroclastic currents (base surges) & blasts

A

Phreatomagmatic

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10
Q

Characterized by a dense cloud of ash-laden gas exploding from the crater and rising high above the peak.

A

Vulcanian

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11
Q

Highlyexplosive,with dense clouds of gas and tephra being propelled
upwards for many kilometres;

A

Plinian

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12
Q

What are the types of Eruption?

A

Phreatic Eruption
Phreatomagmatic
Vulcanian
Plinian

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13
Q

What are the Volcanic hazards?

A 
Tephra Fall
Lava Flow
Pyroclastic flow
Lahars
Volcanic Gases
Ground Fissuring
Debris Avalanche
Volcanic Tsunami
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14
Q

Gravitational settling of volcanic ash & fragments from the umbrella clouds of tall eruption columns & ash clouds of pyroclastic flows

A

Tephra Fall

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15
Q

Incandescent rivers of hot molten rock (lava)

• Erupted from volcanic craters, fissures, during Hawaiian- Strombolian activity, lava dome eruptions

A

Lava Flow

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16
Q

Turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash & rocks) + hot gases that flow downslope at very high speeds (30-700 kph)

A

Pyroclastic Flow

17
Q

Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water
• Triggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakout or hydrothermal
“squeezing”

A

Lahars

18
Q

It illustrates thickness variations within a tabular unit, layer or stratum. Isopachs are contour lines of equal thickness over an area

A

Isopach map

19
Q

Volcanic hazards zonation map

A

Show areas identified to be prone to a particular volcanic phenomena
• Tool to gauge the degree of susceptibility of a given area to a particular hazard
• Determine which areas should be evacuated and avoided during eruptions
• Provide guidelines for long-range land use planning around volcanoes that take
into account potential hazards from future eruption

20
Q

an individual particle ejected during a volcanic eruption; usually classified according to size

A

Pyroclast

21
Q

pertaining to clastic rock material formed by explosion from a volcanic vent; also pertaining to rock texture of explosive origin; not synonymous with adjective “volcanic”

A

Pyroclastics

22
Q
  • any rock consisting of unreworked solid material of whatever size explosively or serially ejected from a volcanic vent
A

Pyroclastic Rock

23
Q

any volcanic material that is ejected into the air (ejecta).

A

Pyroclastic Materials

24
Q

(32 mm diameter) and are solid when ejected

A

Blocks

25
Q

32 mm diameter) and are liquid when ejected

A

Bombs

26
Q
  • rock fragments formed from ejected droplet of magma
A

Lapilli

27
Q

4mm, usually glass, but sometimes contain mineral fragments

A

Ash

28
Q

consolidated ash

(welded) is called

A

Tuff

29
Q

Involve rapid release and decompression of gas which results simultaneously in fragmentation and ejection of magma and/or wall rocks

A

Explosive eruption

30
Q

3 types/styles based on differences in the source of the gas and extent of direct involvement of magma

A

Explosive magmatic
Phreatomagmatic
Phreatic

31
Q

How pyroclastics disperse?

A
  1. Injection into the atmosphere followed eventually by fallout from suspension
  2. Ground hugging, relatively high particle concentration pyroclastic flows;
  3. Relatively low particle concentration pyroclastic surges;
32
Q

groups of clasts, or clasts plus interstitial fluid (air, water, volcanic gas) move together and interact; mass flows vary widely in rheology and particle concentration

A

Mass flow transport

33
Q

clasts are entrained in moving interstitial fluid (air, water, volcanic gas) and are free to behave independently

A

Traction transport

34
Q

clasts are fully suspended in interstitial fluid (air, water, volcanic gas).

A

Suspension Transport

35
Q

high buoyant plume carrying all except coarsest particles to heights of kilometers to tens of kilometers above the surface

A

Pyroclastic fall

Petrology (1 decks)

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